نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• حسن اوجاقلو
• تیمور سهرابی
• فریبرز عباسی

چکیده

تعیین شاخص‌های صحیح کودآبیاری در روش‌های جدید آبیاری سطحی از جمله آبیاری موجی امری ضروری به نظر می‌رسد. در این پژوهش مقدار تلفات آب و کود نیترات در کودآبیاری جویچه‌ای با جریان موجی و پیوسته مقایسه شد. بدین منظور آزمایش‌های مزرعه‌ای در یک خاک با بافت لوم رسی در مزرعه تحقیقاتی پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران انجام شد. مدیریت‌های کودآبیاری مختلف با جریان موجی شامل تزریق کود در تمامی موج‌های مرحله پیشروی،‏ مرحله پس از پیشروی و ترکیب موج انتهایی فاز پیشروی و ابتدای مرحله پس از پیشروی آزمایش شد. برای جریان پیوسته نیز تزریق کود در نیمه دوم مرحله پیشروی و پس از مرحله پیشروی اعمال شد. تلفات رواناب برای آزمایش‌های با جریان موجی و پیوسته به‌ترتیب در محدوده 13.8 تا 33.4 و 9.1 تا 15.0 درصد و تلفات نفوذ عمقی آب به‌ترتیب در محدوده 9.1 تا 17.0 و 24.5 تا 34 درصد به دست آمد. کمترین و بیشترین مقدار تلفات نیترات از طریق رواناب در آزمایش‌های با جریان موجی به‌ترتیب 7.1 و 58.6 و در جریان پیوسته 4.1 و 28.5 درصد محاسبه شد. همچنین تلفات نفوذ عمقی نیترات در تمامی آزمایش‌ها ناچیز و خطر آبشویی نیترات وجود نداشت. نتایج نشان داد که مناسب‌ترین گزینه مدیریت کودآبیاری برای کاهش تلفات رواناب نیترات،‏ تزریق کود در تمامی موج‌های مرحله پیشروی و نیمه دوم مرحله پیشروی به‌ترتیب در جویچه‌های با جریان موجی و پیوسته است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• کودآبیاری
• آبیاری جویچه‌ای
• تلفات نیترات
• جریان موجی

عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation of water and nitrate losses in furrow fertigation with surge and fixed input hydrographs

نویسندگان [English]

• Hassan Ojaghlou
• Teymour Sohrabi
• Fariborz Abbasi

چکیده [English]

Surge irrigation is one of the most advanced methods of surface irrigation that has developed in recent decades. Surge irrigation, introduced by Stringham and Keller (1979), is defined as the intermittent application of water to furrow, rills or borders in a series of relatively short on- and off-time periods of constant or variable time spans. The main advantages of this method compared to irrigation with continuous flow (ordinary) are increasing water use efficiency and uniformity of water distribution. On the other hand, fertigation is the effective method for application of fertilizer and reduce nitrate losses. Fertilizers are widely applied to agricultural fields using surface fertigation. However, there are still no adequate guidelines for the proper design and management of surface fertigation. The proper management of surface irrigation fertigation is important because of the low uniformity of distribution of water in surface irrigation. The efficient application and distribution of water by furrow irrigation is highly dependent on parameters such as inflow rate and inflow hydrograph shape. Determination of fertigation correct indicators in new surface irrigation methods like surge irrigation is imperative. In this research, water and nitrate losses in furrow fertigation with surge and continues flow were evaluated and compared. For this purpose, field experiments were conducted on a soil with clay loam texture at the experimental station of the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran. Three fertigation treatments with the surge flow included injection fertilizer during all advance cycles, wetting phase and last of the advance cycle plus start of wetting phase tested. Also for continues flow, two treatments included injection fertilizer in the second half of advance phase and wetting phase was applied. Each treatment contained three furrows of which the central furrow was as main furrows and the others as guard furrows. Furrows had 0.75 m distance and 150 m length. The longitudinal slope of furrows varied as it was 0.9% in the first 60m and 0.4% until the end of the furrow. Inflow and outflow were measured by WSC flumes. Six irrigations were performed every seven days, and the third and sixth irrigations were with fertilizers (fertigation experiments). For estimating nitrate losses through surface runoff, water samples were collected from outflow water in five minutes intervals until the end of outflow. After that, water samples from inflow and outflow were analyzed by spectra photometer to estimate the nitrate concentration.
Runoff losses of water for first and second fertigation experiments with surge flow amounted to 15.8-21.8% and 13.8-33.4% and for experiments with continuous flow amounted to 9.1- 9.4% and 13.0-15.1%, respectively. Deep percolation losses of water for first and second fertigation experiments with the surge flow were obtained 9.1-14.3% and 14.2-17.0% and for experiments with continuous flow were obtained 33.2-34% and 24.5-25.5%, respectively. Ratio of flow advance rate in first and second surge experiments to continuous was calculated 1.75 and 1.2, respectively. Runoff losses of nitrate for first and second fertigation experiments with the surge flow amounted to 5.1-37.7% and 5.4-47.1% and for experiments with continuous flow amounted to 3.7- 20.2% and 6.0-27.2%, respectively. Deep percolation losses of nitrate were negligible in all experiments. Outflow and inflow nitrate concentration had a time lag of about 15 to 20 minutes. In experiments that fertilizer had injected in wetting phase, this time lag was less than injection in advance phase.
Nitrate runoff losses in first fertigation experiments with continuous flow were low compared to surge flow, but there was no significant difference between them in the second fertigation experiments. Decreasing of surge effect and soil consolidation were the main reasons for this result. Conversely, infiltrated nitrate in fertigation experiments with the surge flow was low compared to continuous flow in both experiments. Nitrate runoff losses in experiments that, fertilizer was injected in advance phase was less than that injected in wetting phase. According to average soil depth of field, water and nitrate deep percolation losses were calculated up to 80 cm soil depth for all experiments. Nitrate deep percolation losses were negligible and there was no risk of nitrate leaching in all experiments. Results indicated that the best fertigation management for decrease nitrate runoff losses is injection fertilizer during all advance cycles and second half of advance phase in furrows with surge and continues flow, respectively. As conclusions, nitrate losses were dependent on both the shape of inflow hydrograph and fertigate injection management. It is recommended that the tests conducted on soils with sandy and sandy loam texture.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Surge flow
• Nitrate losses
• Fertigation
• Furrow irrigation