نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
چکیده
منطقة مورد مطالعه در هشت کیلومتری غرب مجن در جنوب آبشار مجن، از توابع شهرستان شاهرود واقع شده است. برای بررسی خصوصیات هیدروژئولوژیکی و هیدروژئوشیمیایی چشمههای موجود در منطقه، دبی، هدایت الکتریکی و دما از مهر ماه 1395 تا آبان ماه 1396 مورد اندازهگیری قرار گرفت. همچنین، غلظت یونهای اصلی شامل کلسیم، منیزیم، سدیم، پتاسیم، بیکربنات، سولفات و کلر در آزمایشگاه آب و محیطزیست دانشگاه صنعتی شاهرود اندازهگیری شدند. نتایج به دست آمده نشان دادند که ضریب تغییرات خصوصیات فیزیکی و شیمیایی برای تمام چشمهها اندک است و تأییدکنندة رژیم غالب سیستم جریان افشان در منطقه مورد مطالعه هستند. منحنی فرود چشمههای مورد مطالعه دارای یک ضریب بده (a) با شیب 0.009 که بیانگر غالب بودن سیستم جریان افشان در آبخوان کارستی مورد نظر است. از دلایل اصلی ظهور چشمههای منطقة مورد مطالعه، برخورد آب زیرزمینی حوضة کارستی این چشمهها (سنگهای آهکی سازندهای کرتاسه بالایی و لار) با واحدهای غیرقابل نفوذ (مارنها و آهکهای مارنی) میباشد. بر این اساس چشمههای منطقه، از نوع چشمههای سرریزی (Overflow Springs) هستند و تمامی این چشمهها از یک آبخوان تخلیه میشوند. نمودارهای هیدروشیمیایی مربوط به نمونههای تهیه شده از چشمههای مورد مطالعه در خرداد ماه 1396 نشان داد که تمامی نمونهها دارای کلسیم و بیکربنات بالایی بوده و در محدوده خاص آبهای کارستی واقع شدند. از نسبت غلظت یون کلسیم به منیزیم برای تعیین جنس غالب آبخوان در مناطق کارستی استفاده میشود. میانگین نسبت یون کلسیم به منیزیم برای نمونههای مورد مطالعه حدود 2.60 است که میتوان نتیجه گرفت لیتولوژی غالب آبخوان کارستی مورد مطالعه، آهک است. همچنین در این پژوهش حوضة چشمهها بهصورت مقدماتی ترسیم شد. سپس با استفاده از روش بیلان و مقایسه مقادیر حجم تخلیه و تغذیة سالانه از حوضه، دقت حوضة مقدماتی ترسیم و ارزیابی شد. بر اساس مقایسهی مذکور، خطای نسبی 0.8 درصد به دست آمد که با توجه به خطای نسبی اندک بین حجمهای تغذیه و تخلیه و همچنین وضعیت چینهشناسی منطقه، حوضة آبگیر ترسیم شده از دقت مناسبی برخوردار است.
کلیدواژهها
عنوان مقاله [English]
The evaluation of dominant flow system and discharge mechanism of karst springs in West Mojen
نویسندگان [English]
- sima Tavakkoli
- Gholamhossein Karami
چکیده [English]
Karst aquifers are one of the most important water resources in the world. The importance of karstic aquifers comes from the fact that they provide about 25%of the world's drinking water (Ford and Williams 2007). In addition, the in karstic aquifers contain high quality water resources and they are suitable for drinking water. Springs are one of the most important hydrogeological phenomena of the hydrological cycle (Fiorrilo 2014). In karst systems, the dissolution channels are mainly connected to the karst springs. Therefore, evaluation of discharge, its variability and values of electrical conductivity and major ions can reflect the properties of the total system (Rezaei 2000). To study the hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater flow systems, comprehensive information on groundwater chemistry is used which depends on various factors such as location geology, rock weathering and its type, water quality of feeding into the aquifer, and hydrogeochemical reactions (Coetsiers and Walraevens 2006).
Hydrogeological characteristics of karstic aquifers are very difficult to study due to the high heterogeneity of aquifers (Mohammadi and Raeisi 2007, Mohammadi and Field 2009). Therefore, one of the common and low-cost methods for studying karst aquifers in the last four decades is to study the temporal variations in the physical and chemical characteristics of karst springs(Raeisi et al. 2006) .Due to the physicochemical properties of the springs, some characteristics of the of water movement pathway and the type of dominant flow system can be found. The spring discharge variability is the most important criterion in characterizing the dominant flow system type (Karami et al. 2008). Most of the researchers have mentioned that the widespread use of springs in the karst studies is due to their reliable interpretations for the characteristics of karstic aquifers (Mohammadi and Field 2009).
In the west of the Mojen region, there are extensive outcrops of calcareous formations in which karstic aquifers are formed. There are several large and small karstic springs emerging from this karstic aquifer that has not been studied so far. Therefore, the main purpose of this research is to investigate the hydrogeological and hydrogeochemical characteristics of the karstic springs of west Mojen and determine the dominant flow system in karstic aquifer feeding these springs.
In order to evaluate the dominant flow system type and discharge mechanism of karst springs in west Mojen, the physical and chemical properties including discharge, electrical conductivity and temperature, major anions and cations were measured. The geological map of the studied region was prepared using the geological map of Shahrood with the scale of 1:100000 as well as field observations. The precipitation and temperature data-sets for the Mojen region were collected from the Shahrood Regional Water Company and Meteorological Organization.
According to the results obtained in this research, the temporal variations in the physical (discharge) and chemical (electrical conductivity) characteristics of the discharging water from karstic springs in west Mojen are relatively low. Therefore, the coefficient of variations of all parameters indicates the dominant diffuse flow system in the karstic aquifer of these springs. In addition, the recession curve of the studied springs has a coefficient of discharge with a gradient of 0.009, which indicates the dominant diffuse flow system in that karstic aquifer. Such small discharge coefficients are consistent with the geomorphological characteristics of the studied region. The karst springs in the studied region are overflow springs, which the main reason for the emergence of these karst springs in this location is the contact massive limestone (i.e. karst aquifer) and impervious marls and marly limestone. The hydrochemical diagrams related to samples prepared from the studied springs in June 2017 show that all samples are high in Ca2+ and HCO3-, and are located in a specific range of karst waters. The ratio of Ca2+ to Mg2+ ion is used to determine the predominant aquifer in karst areas. The average ratio of Ca2+ to Mg2+ ions for the studied samples is about 2.60, which can be concluded that the predominant lithology of the studied karstic aquifer is limestone. In this research, the primary catchment area of the springs was drew. Then, precision of this primary catchment area was evaluated by the water budget method and comparing its values of annual discharge and recharge volumes. According to the mentioned comparison, a relative error of 0.8%was obtained. Due to the insignificant relative error between annually recharge and discharge volumes and as well as the stratigraphic status in the region, the drawn catchment area is quite accurate.
کلیدواژهها [English]
- Hydrogeology
- hydrogeochemistry
- karst springs Mojen
- diffuse flow system