1. Almar, R., Ranasinghe, R., Bergsma, E. W., Diaz, H., Melet, A., Papa, F., et al., (2021). A global analysis of extreme coastal water levels with implications for potential coastal overtopping. Nature communications, 12(1), 3775. 10.1038/s41467-021-24008-9
2. Anfuso, G., Pranzini, E. and Vitale, G., 2011. An integrated approach to coastal erosion problems in northern Tuscany (Italy): littoral morphological evolution and cell distribution. Geomorphology, 129, pp.204–214. 10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.01.023
3. Androulidakis, Y.S., Kombiadou, K.D., Makris, C.V., Baltikas, V.N. and Krestenitis, Y.N., 2015. Storm surges in the Mediterranean Sea: variability and trends under future climatic conditions. Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans, 71, pp.56–82. 10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2015.06.001
4. Antonioli, F., Anzidei, M., Amorosi, A., Lo Presti, V., Mastronuzzi, G., Deiana, G., De Falco, G., Fontana, A., Fontolan, G., Lisco, S., Marsico, A., Moretti, M., Orrù, P.E., Sannino, G.M. and Serpelloni, E., 2017. Sea-level rise and potential drowning of the Italian coastal plains: flooding risk scenarios for 2100. Quaternary Science Reviews, 158, pp.29–43. 10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.12.021
5. Abdelhafez, M. A., Mahmoud, H. N. & Ellingwood, B. R. 2024. Adjusting to the reality of sea level rise: reshaping coastal communities through resilience-informed adaptation, Climatic Change, 177(7), pp. 110.10.1007/s10584-024-03763-w
6. Arnall, A., 2022. Where land meets sea: islands, erosion and the thing-power of hard coastal protection structures. Environment and Planning: Nature and Space, 6, pp.69–86. 10.1177/25148486221101461
7. Arkhurst, B.M., Poku-Boansi, M. and Adarkwa, K.K., 2023. Indigenous knowledge in climate change adaptation: choice of indigenous adaptation responses to coastal erosion in Ghanaian communities. Environmental Science and Policy, 147, pp.326–335. 10.1016/j.envsci.2023.06.021
8. Airoldi, L., Abbiati, M., Beck, M.W., Hawkins, S.J., Jonsson, P.R., Martin, D., Moschella, P.S., Sundelöf, Å., Thompson, R.C. and Åberg, P., 2005. An ecological perspective on the deployment and design of low-crested and other hard coastal defence structures. Coastal Engineering, 52, pp.1073–1087. 10.1016/j.coastaleng.2005.09.007
9. Abbass, K., Qasim, M.Z., Song, H., Murshed, M., Mahmood, H. and Younis, I., 2022. A review of the global climate change impacts, adaptation, and sustainable mitigation measures. Environmental Science and Pollution Control Series, 29, pp.42539–42559. 10.1007/s11356-022-19718-6
10. Alongi, D.M., 2012. Carbon sequestration in mangrove forests, pp. 313–322. In: Carbon Sequestration in Forest Ecosystems, Springer. 10.4155/cmt.12.20
11. Abdolali, A., Hesser, T.J., Anderson Bryant, M., Roland, A., Khalid, A., Smith, J., Ferreira, C., Mehra, A. and Sikiric, M.D., 2022. Wave attenuation by vegetation: model implementation and validation study. Frontiers in Built Environment, 8, p.891612. 10.3389/fbuil.2022.891612
12. Anne, F.L. and Nepf, HM., 2006. Prediction of velocity profiles and longitudinal dispersion in emergent salt marsh vegetation. Limnology and Oceanography, 51(1), pp.218–228. 10.4319/lo.2006.51.1.0218
13. Ahmed, S., Sarker, S.K., Friess, D.A., Kamruzzaman, M., Jacobs, M., Islam, M.A., Alam, M.A., Suvo, M.J., Sani, M.N.H., Dey, T., Naabeh, C.S.S. and Pretzsch, H., 2022. Salinity reduces site quality and mangrove forest functions. From monitoring to understanding. Science of The Total Environment, 853, p.158662. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158662
14. Augustinus, PG, 1995. Geomorphology and sedimentology of mangroves. In: GME Perillo (ed.), Geomorphology and sedimentology of estuaries, developments in sedimentology. Elsevier, Amsterdam. 10.1016/S0070-4571(05)80032-9
15. Apine, E & Stojanovic, T, 2024. Is the coastal future green, grey or hybrid? Diverse perspectives on coastal flood risk management and adaptation in the UK. Cambridge Prisms: Coastal Futures 2, e4. 10.1017/cft.2024.4
16. Barnard, P. L., Erikson, L. H., Foxgrover, A. C., Hart, J. A. F., Limber, P., O’Neill, A. C., et al. (2019). Dynamic flood modeling essential to assess the coastal impacts of climate change. Scientific reports, 9(1), 4309.10.1038/s41598-019-40742-z
17. Buzard, R.M., Maio, C.V., Erikson, L.H., Overbeck, J.R., Kinsman, N.E.M. and Jones, B.M., 2024. Current and projected flood exposure for Alaska coastal communities. Scientific Reports, 14, p.7765. 10.1038/s41598-024-58270-w
18. Buchori, I., Pramitasari, A., Sugiri, A., Maryono, M., Basuki, Y. and Sejati, A.W., 2018. Adaptation to coastal flooding and inundation: mitigations and migration pattern in Semarang city, Indonesia. Ocean & Coastal Management, 163, pp.445–455. 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2018.07.017
19. Bevacqua, E., Vousdoukas, M.I., Zappa, G., Hodges, K., Shepherd, T.G., Maraun, D., Mentaschi, L. and Feyen, L., 2020. More meteorological events that drive compound coastal flooding are projected under climate change. Communications Earth and Environment, 1, p.47. 10.1038/s43247-020-00044-z.
20. Blaikie, P., Cannon, T., Davis, I. and Wisner, B., 2014. At Risk: Natural Hazards, People’s Vulnerability and Disasters. Routledge. Taylor & Francis. 496p .
21. Barkwith, A., Hurst, M.D., Thomas, C.W., Ellis, M.A., Limber, P.L. and Murray, A.B., 2014. Coastal vulnerability of a pinned, soft-cliff coastline, II: assessing the influence of sea walls on future morphology. Earth Surface Dynamics, 2, pp.233–242. 10.5194/esurf-2-295-2014
22. Barkwith, A., Hurst, M.D., Thomas, C.W., Ellis, M.A., Limber, P.W. and Murray, A.B., 2013. Assessing the influence of sea walls on the coastal vulnerability of a pinned, soft-cliff, sandy coastline. Earth Surface Dynamics Discussions, 1, pp.1127–1149. 10.5194/esurfd-1-1127-2013
23. Brown, S., Barton, M. and Nicholls, R., 2016. The influence of groin fields and other hard defenses on the shoreline configuration of the soft cliff coastlines. Shore & Beach, 84, pp.13–24.
24. Brampton, A. 2002. Ice Design and Practice Guide: Coastal Defence. Thomas Telford, London.
25. Bruun, P., 1995. The development of downdrift erosion. Journal of Coastal Research, 11, pp.1242–1257.
26. Brander, R. W., MacMahan, J. H., & Reniers, A. J. H. M. (2011). Rip currents: Nature’s river on the sea. Earth-Science Reviews, 107(1-2), 1-32.
27. Best, Ü.S.N., Van der Wegen, M., Dijkstra, J., Reyns, J., Van Prooijen, B.C. and Roelvink, D., 2022. Wave attenuation potential, sediment properties and mangrove growth dynamics data over Guyana’s intertidal mudflats: assessing the potential of mangrove restoration works. Earth System Science Data, 14, pp.2445–2462. 10.5194/essd-14-2445-2022
28. Brinkman, R.M., 2006. Wave Attenuation in Mangrove Forests: an Investigation through Field and Theoretical Studies. James Cook University, Doctoral Dissertation.
29. Baustian, M.M., Jung, H., Bienn, H.C., Barra, M., Hemmerling, S.A., Wang, Y., et al., 2020. Engaging coastal community members about natural and nature-based solutions to assess their ecosystem function. Ecological Engineering, 143. 10.1016/j.ecoena.2019.100015
30. Barbier, E.B., Hacker, S.D., Kennedy, C., Koch, E.W., Stier, A.C. and Silliman, B.R., 2011. The value of estuarine and coastal ecosystem services. Ecological Monographs, 81(2), pp.169–193. 10.1890/10-1510.1
31. Buffington, K.J., Goodman, A.C., Freeman, C.M. and Thorne, K.M., 2020. Testing the interactive effects of flooding and salinity on tidal marsh plant productivity. Aquatic Botany, 164, p.103231. 10.1016/j.aquabot.2020.103231
32. Boorman, L.A., 2003. Saltmarsh review. An overview of coastal saltmarshes, their dynamic and sensitivity characteristics for conservation and management. JNCC Report No. 334.
33. Borges, F.O., Santos, C.P., Paula, J.R., Mateos-Naranjo, E., Redondo-Gomez, S., Adams, J.B., Caçador, I., Fonseca, V.F., Reis-Santos, P., Duarte, B., and Rosa, R., 2021. Invasion and extirpation potential of native and invasive Spartina species under climate change. Frontiers in Marine Science, 8, p.696333. 10.3389/fmars.2021.696333
34. Barbier, EB, 2015. Valuing the storm protection service of estuarine and coastal ecosystems. Ecosystem Services, 11, pp.32–38.10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.06.010
35. Bassi, A.M., Bechauf, R., Casier, L., and Cutler, E. 2021. How Can Investment in Nature Close the Infrastructure Gap? International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) and United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO).
36. Bouma, TJ, Van Belzen, J, Balke, T, Zhu, Z, Airoldi, L, Blight, AJ, et al., 2014. Identifying knowledge gaps hampering application of intertidal habitats in coastal protection: opportunities and steps to take. Coastal Engineering, 87, pp.147–157. 10.1016/j.coastaleng.2013.11.014
37. Benazir, B., Triatmadja, R., Syamsidik, S., Nizam, N., & Warniyati, W. (2024). Vegetation-based approached for tsunami risk reduction: Insights and challenges. Progress in Disaster Science, 23. 10.1016/j.pdisas.2024.100352
38. Bisaro, A and Hinkel, J, 2018. Mobilizing private finance for coastal adaptation: a literature review. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 9, e514. 10.1002/wcc.514
39. Beudin, A, Kalra, TS, Ganju, NK and Warner, JC, 2017. Development of a coupled wave model for shoreline change simulations.
40. Bahrami Samani, S., Shams, G., Ghanbari Adivi, E., Mehranfar, M. and Nariman, R., 2023. Numerical study of the effect of using a combined coastal wall and coastal forest design on coastal protection and sustainability. Journal of Marine Engineering, 19(39), pp.79-96. 10.61186/marineeng.19.39.79
41. Bongarts Lebbe, T, Rey-Valette, H, Chaumillon, E, Camus, G, Almar, R, Cazenave, A, et al., 2021. Designing coastal adaptation strategies to tackle sea level rise. Frontiers in Marine Science, 8. 10.3389/fmars.2021.740602
42. Sayers, P.B., Horritt, M., Carr, S., Kay, A., Mauz, J., Lamb, R. and Penning-Rowsell, E., 2020. Third UK climate change risk assessment (CCRA3): future flood risk. Research undertaken by Sayers and Partners for the Committee on Climate Change. Published by Committee on Climate Change, London.
43. Chowdhury, M.S.N., La Peyre, M., Coen, L.D., Morris, R.L., Luckenbach, M.W., Ysebaert, T., Walles, B. and Smaal, A.C., 2021. Ecological engineering with oysters enhances coastal resilience efforts. Ecological Engineering, 169. 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2021.106320
44. Cecchetti, A.R., Stiegler, A.N., Graham, K.E. and Sedlak, D.L., 2020. The horizontal levee: a multi-benefit nature-based treatment system that improves water quality and protects coastal levees from the effects of sea level rise. Water Research X, 7. 10.1016/j.wroa.2020.100052
45. Cooper, J.A.G., O’Connor, M.C. and McIvor, S., 2020. Coastal defences versus coastal ecosystems: a regional appraisal. Marine Policy, 111, p.102332. 10.1016/j.marpol.2016.02.021
46. Calafat, F.M., Wahl, T., Tadesse, M.G. and Sparrow, S.N., 2022. Trends in Europe storm surge extremes match the rate of sea-level rise. Nature, 603, pp.841–845. 10.1038/s41586-022-04426-5
47. Cazenave, A. and Cozannet, G.L., 2014. Sea level rise and its coastal impacts. Earth’s Future, 2, pp.15–34. 10.1002/2013EF000188
48. Charles, S.P., 2018. Saltwater intrusion and vegetation shifts drive changes in carbon storage in coastal wetlands. 10.25148/etd.FIDC006842
49. C3S, 2024. Copernicus climate change service (C3S), climate indicators, sea level indicator. https://climate.copernicus.eu/climate-indicators/sea-level.
50. Clark, D. G., Brander, R. W., & MacMahan, J. H. (2017). Rip current characteristics on beaches with complex bathymetry: A review. Marine Geology, 393, pp. 161-175.
51. Cahoon, D.R., Mckee, K.L. and Morris, J.T., 2021. How plants influence resilience of salt marsh and mangrove wetlands to sea-level rise. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 44, pp.883–898. 10.1007/s12237-020-00834-w
52. Cao, H., Zhu, Z., Balke, T., Zhang, L. and Bouma, T.J., 2018. Effects of sediment disturbance regimes on Spartina seedling establishment: implications for salt marsh creation and restoration. Limnology & Oceanography, 63, pp.647–659. 10.1002/lno.10657
53. Carr, J., D’Odorico, P., McGlathery, K. and Wiberg, P., 2010. Stability and bistability of seagrass ecosystems in shallow coastal lagoons: role of feedbacks with sediment resuspension and light attenuation. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 115, G02009. 10.1029/2009JG001103
54. Connolly, R.M., Jackson, E.L., Macreadie, P.I., Maxwell, P.S. and O’Brien, K.R., 2018. Seagrass dynamics and resilience. In: Larkum, A.W.D., Kendrick, G.A., Ralph, P.J. Seagrasses of Australia. Springer, Cham. 10.1007/978-3-319-71354-0_7
55. Chee, SY, Firth, LB, Then, AY-H, Yee, JC, Mujahid, A, Affendi, Y, Amir, AA, Lau, CM, Ooi, JLS, Quek, YA, Tan, CE, Yap, TK, Yeap, CA & Mcquatters-Gollop, A, 2021. Enhancing uptake of nature-based solutions for informing coastal sustainable development policy and planning: a Malaysia case study. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 9. 10.3389/fevo.2021.708507
56. Chen, Z, Luo, F, Zhou, G, Zhu, F, Wu, H, Li, R and Zhang, C, 2024. Hydrodynamic modeling study of nature-based hybrid coastal defense strategy applied in salt marsh restoration. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 298, p.108666. 0.1016/j.ecss.2024.108666
57. Chang, C.W., Liu, P.L.F., Mei, C.C. and Maza, M., 2017. Modeling transient long waves propagating through a heterogeneous coastal forest of arbitrary shape. Coastal Engineering, 122, pp.124–140. 10.1016/j.coastaleng.2017.01.010
58. Dias, J.M.A., 2004. A história da evolução do litoral português nos últimos vinte milénios. In: Cardoso (Org.), pp. 157–170. 10.13140/RG.2.1.4445.2567
59. Desmet, K., Kopp, R.E., Kulp, S.A., Nagy, D.K., Oppenheimer, M., Rossi-Hansberg, E., Strauss, B.H., 2021. Evaluating the economic cost of coastal flooding. Am. Econ. J. Macroecon. 13, 444–486.10.1257/mac.20180366
60. Doorga, J. R. S., Bernardie-Tahir, N., Deenapanray, P. N., Dindoyal, Y., Mycoo, M., et al. (2024). Surging seas, rising sea levels, and sinking communities: The urgent need for climate adaptation in small island states. Environmental Science & Policy, 157, 103788.10.1016/j.envsci.2024.103788
61. Dhyani, S., Karki, M. and Gupta, A.K., 2020. Opportunities and advances to mainstream nature-based solutions in disaster risk management and climate strategy. In: Dhyani, S., Gupta, A.K. and Karki, M., eds. Nature-Based Solutions for Resilient Ecosystems and Societies. Springer Singapore, pp. 1-26 .10.1007/978-981-15-4712-6_1
62. Davis, J.L., Currin, C.A., O'Brien, C., Raffenburg, C. and Davis, A., 2015. Living shorelines: coastal resilience with a blue carbon benefit. PLoS One, 10, p.e0142595. 10.1371/journal.pone.0142595
63. Dodet, G., Melet, A., Ardhuin, F., Bertin, X., Idier, D. and Almar, R., 2019. The contribution of wind-generated waves to coastal sea-level changes. Surveys in Geophysics, 40, pp.1563–1601. 10.1007/s10712-019-09557-5
64. Dafforn, K.A., Mayer-Pinto, M., Morris, R.L. and Waltham, N.J., 2015. Application of management tools to integrate ecological principles with the design of marine infrastructure. Journal of Environmental Management, 158, pp.61–73. 10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.05.001
65. Dawson, R., Gosling, S., Chapman, L., Darch, G., Watson, G., Powrie, W., Bell, S., Paulson, K., Hughes, P. and Wood, R., 2017. UK climate change risk assessment chapter 4: infrastructure. UK Climate Change Risk Assessment.
66. Dufresne, P., Lajeunesse, E., and Doublet, R. (2008). Sediment transport in turbulent wakes. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 608, pp. 339-358.
67. Duarte, C.M., Losada, I.J., Hendriks, I.E., Mazarrasa, I. and Marbà, N., 2013. The role of coastal plant communities for climate change mitigation and adaptation. Nature Climate Change, 3, pp.961–968. 10.1038/nclimate1970
68. Dal Barco, M.K., Furlan, E., Pham, H.V., Torresan, S., Zachopoulos, K., Kokkos, N., Sylaios, G. and Critto, A., 2024. Multi-scenario analysis in the Apulia shoreline: a multi-tiered analytical framework for the combined evaluation and management of coastal erosion and water quality risks. Environmental Science & Policy, 153.10.1016/j.envsci.2023.103665
69. Daniel, A., Erik, Y., Jahson, A., Lynn-Wei, W., Sasha, S., Natasha, B. and S.J.H., 2020. Ecosystem services and disservices of mangrove forests and salt marshes. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, Taylor & Francis, 58, pp.107–141.10.1201/9780429351495-3
70. De Los Santos, C.B., Olivé, I., Moreira, M., Silva, A., Freitas, C., Araújo Luna, R., et al., 2020. Seagrass meadows improve inflowing water quality in aquaculture ponds. Aquaculture, 528. 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735502
71. Duarte, C.M., Dennison, W.C., Orth, R.J. and Carruthers, T., 2008. The charisma of coastal ecosystems: addressing the imbalance. Estuaries and Coasts, 31(2), pp.233–238.10.1007/s12237-008-9038-7
72. Edmonds, D.A., Caldwell, R.L., Brondizio, E.S. and Siani, S.M.O., 2020. Coastal flooding will disproportionately impact people on river deltas. Nature Communications, 11, p.4741. 10.1038/s41467-020-18531-4
73. Etminan, V., Lowe, R.J. and Ghisalberti, M., 2017. A new model for predicting the drag exerted by vegetation canopies. Water Resources Research, 53(4), pp.3179–3196. 10.1002/2016WR020090
75. Ells, K. and Murray, A.B., 2012. Long-term, non-local coastline responses to local shoreline stabilization. Geophysical Research Letters, 39, p.L19401.10.1029/2012GL052627
76. Fukuoka, S., 1993. Flood-control measure that utilize nation function of river. In: Proceedings of the XXV Congress of the International Association for Hydraulic Research, Vol. VII, Tokyo.
77. Fant, C., Jacobs, J. M., Chinowsky, P., Sweet, W., Weiss, N., Sias, J. E., et al. (2021). Mere nuisance or growing threat? The physical and economic impact of high tide flooding on US road networks. Journal of infrastructure systems, 27(4), 04021044. 10.1061/(ASCE)IS.1943-555X.0000652
78. Flick, R.E., Chadwick, D.B., Briscoe, J. and Harper, K.C., 2012. “Flooding” versus “inundation”. Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 93, pp.365-366.10.1029/2012EO380009
79. Fitzgerald, D.M., Fenster, M.S., Argow, B.A. and Buynevich, I.V., 2008. Coastal impacts due to sea-level rise. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 36, pp.601–647. 10.1146/annurev.earth.35.031306.140139
80. Fairley, I., Davidson, M. and Kingston, K., 2009. The morpho-dynamics of a beach protected by detached breakwaters in a high energy tidal environment. Journal of Coastal Research, pp.607–611.
81. Fredsøe, J., and Deigaard, R. (1992). Mechanics of coastal sediment transport. World Scientific Publishing.
82. Fu, C., Frappi, S., Havlik, M.N., Howe, W., Harris, S.D., Laiolo, E., Gallagher, A.J., Masqué, P. and Duarte, C.M., 2023. Substantial blue carbon sequestration in the world’s largest seagrass meadow. Communication Earth & Environment, 4. 10.1038/s43247-023-01154-0
83. Fagherazzi, S., Mariotti, G., Leonardi, N., Canestrelli, A., Nardin, W. and Kearney, W.S., 2020. Salt marsh dynamics in a period of accelerated sea level rise. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 125, e2019JF005200. 10.1029/2019JF005200
84. Fazlioglu, F. & Chen, L., 2020. Introduced non-native mangroves express better growth performance than co-occurring native mangroves. Scientific Reports, 10, p.3854. 10.1038/s41598-020-60454-z
85. Goncalves, S.C., Anastacio, P.M. and Marques, J.C., 2013. Talitrid and Tylid crustaceans bioecology as a tool to monitor and assess sandy beaches ecological quality condition. Ecological Indicators, 20, pp. 549–557.10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.01.035
86. Gijsman, R., Horstman, E.M., Van der Wal, D., Friess, D.A., Swales, A. and Wijnberg, K.M., 2021. Nature-based engineering: a review on reducing coastal flood risk with mangroves. Frontiers in Marine Science, 8, p.702412. 10.3389/fmars.2021.702412
87. Ghanbari Adivi, E. and Fathi Moghadam, F., 2014. A Review of Research on the Attenuation and Damping of Sea Waves by Coastal Vegetation. Quarterly Journal of Marine Science and Technology, 18(70), pp.1-1. [In Persian].
88. Ghanbari Adivi, E. and Fathi Moghadam, F., 2015. The Effect of Vegetation Cover on the Group Tensile Coefficient of Trees and the Resistance of the Cover to Coastal Waves. Irrigation Science and Engineering, 38(2), pp.103-112. [In Persian]. 10.22055/jise.2015.11352
89. Gingerich, S.B., Voss, C.I. and Johnson, A.G., 2017. Seawater-flooding events and impact on freshwater lenses of low-lying islands: controlling factors, basic management and mitigation. Journal of Hydrology, 551, pp.676–688. 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.03.001
90. Ghasemi Pirbaluti, G., Ghanbari Adivi, E., Fattahi Nafchi, R. and Khavasi, M., 2024. Numerical modeling of the effect of cylindrical barriers on coastal waves using OpenFOAM software. Journal of Marine Sciences and Technologies, 23(3), pp.22-38. [In Persian]. 10.22113/JMST.2022.354486.2489
91. Goudie, A., 2001. The Human Impact on the Natural Environment. MIT Press.
92. Gaertner-Mazouni, N. and De Wit, R., 2012. Exploring new issues for coastal lagoons monitoring and management. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 114, pp.1–6. 10.1016/j.ecss.2012.07.008
93. Gedan, K.B., Silliman, B.R. and Bertness, M.D., 2009. Centuries of human-driven change in salt marsh ecosystems. Annual Review of Marine Science, 1, pp.117–141.10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163930
94. Garzon, J.L., Maza, M., Ferreira, C.M., Lara, J.L. and Losada, I.J., 2019. Wave attenuation by Spartina saltmarshes in Chesapeake Bay under storm surge conditions. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 124, pp.5220–5243. 10.1029/2018JC014865
95. Gong, S., Xu, S., Yin, K., Chen, Y., Chen, J. and Lei, J., 2024. Experimental study on wave attenuation and cross-shore profiles by submerged flexible vegetation. Ocean Engineering, 307.10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.118218
96. Gijsman, R., Horstman, E.M., Swales, A., Balke, T., Willemsen, P.W.J.M., Van der Wal, D. and Wijnberg, K.M., 2024. Biophysical modeling of mangrove seedling establishment and survival across an elevation gradient with forest zones. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 129, e2024JF007664. 10.1029/2024JF007664
97. Green, E.P. and Short, F.T., 2003. World Atlas of Seagrasses. University of California Press, Berkeley, USA.
98. Gutiérrez, J.L., Jones, C.G., Byers, J.E., Arkema, K.K., Berkenbusch, K., Commito, J.A., Duarte, C.M., Hacker, S.D., Lambrinos, J.G., Hendriks, I.E., Hogarth, P.J., Palomo, M.G., and Wild, C., 2011. Physical ecosystem engineers and the functioning of estuaries and coasts. In: Treatise on Estuarine and Coastal Science, pp. 53–81. Elsevier.10.1016/B978-0-12-374711-2.00705-1
99. Horstman, E.M., Dohmen-Janssen, C.M., Narra, P.M.F., van den Berg, N.J.F., Siemerink, M. and Hulscher, S.J.M.H., 2014. Wave attenuation in mangroves: a quantitative approach to field observations. Coastal Engineering, 94, pp.47–62. 10.1016/j.coastaleng.2014.08.005
100. Haigh, I.D. and Nicholls, R.J., 2017. Coastal flooding. MCCIP Science Review, 2017, pp.98–104. 10.14465/2017.arc10.009-cof
101. Hanley, M.E., Bouma, T.J. and Mossman, H.L., 2020. The gathering storm: optimizing management of coastal ecosystems in the face of a climate-driven threat. Annals of Botany, 125, pp.197–212. 10.1093/aob/mcz204
102. Hanson, H. and Kraus, N.C., 1990. Shoreline response to a single transmissive detached breakwater. In: 22nd International Conference on Coastal Engineering, Delft, The Netherlands. 10.1061/9780872627765.156
103. Hinkel, J., Lincke, D., Vafeidis, A.T., Perrette, M., Nicholls, R.J., Tol, R.S.J., Marzeion, B., Fettweis, X., Ionescu, C., Levermann, A. and others, 2014. Coastal flood damage and adaptation costs under 21st-century sea-level rise. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111, pp.3292–3297. 10.1073/pnas.1222469111
104. Hemminga, M.A. and Duarte, C.M., 2000. Seagrass Ecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, NY. 10.1017/CBO9780511525551.005
105. Hu, Z., Lian, S., Wei, H., Li, Y. and Stive, M., 2021. Laboratory data on wave propagation through vegetation with following and opposing currents. Earth System Science Data, 13, pp.4987–4999. 10.5194/essd-13-4987-2021
106. Huang, S. & Yang, J.Q., 2022. Impacts of emergent vegetation on hyporheic exchange. Geophysical Research Letters, 49(13), pp.[pages missing]. 10.1029/2022GL099095
107. Hashim, A.M. and Catherine, S.M.P., 2013. A laboratory study on wave reduction by mangrove forests. APCBEE Procedia, 5, pp.27–32. 10.1016/j.apcbee.2013.05.006
108. Hynes, S, Burger, R, Tudella, J, Norton, D & Chen, W, 2022. Estimating the costs and benefits of protecting a coastal amenity from climate change-related hazards: nature-based solutions via oyster reef restoration versus grey infrastructure. Ecological Economics, 194, p.107349.10.1016/j.ecolecon.2022.107349
109. Harada, K., and Imamura, F. (2005). Effects of coastal forest on tsunami hazard mitigation-a preliminary investigation. Advances in natural and technological hazards research, 23, 279. 10.1007/1-4020-3331-1_17
110. Inacio, M., Karnauskaite, D., Mikša, K., Gomes, E., Kalinauskas, M. and Pereira, P., 2022. Nature-based solutions to mitigate coastal floods and associated socio-ecological impacts. In: Ferreira, C.S.S., Kalantari, Z., Hartmann, T. and Pereira, P., eds. Nature-Based Solutions for Flood Mitigation: Environmental and Socio-Economic Aspects. Springer International Publishing, Cham. 10.1007/698_2020_675
111. IPCC, 2022. The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate: Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press.
112. Islam, M.M. and Hossain, M.M., 2017. Community dependency on the ecosystem services from the Sundarbans mangrove wetland in Bangladesh. In: Prusty, B., Chandra, R. and Azeez, P.A., eds. Wetland Science: Perspectives from South Asia. Springer India, New Delhi. 10.1007/978-81-322-3715-0
113. Jalil-Masir, H., Fattahi, R., Ghanbari-Adivi, E. and Aghbolaghi, M.A., 2021. Effects of different forest cover configurations on reducing the solitary wave-induced total sediment transport in coastal areas: An experimental study. Ocean Engineering, 235, p.109350. 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2021.109350
114. Jonkman, S.N., Hillen, M.M., Nicholls, R.J., Kanning, W. and Van Ledden, M., 2013. Costs of adapting coastal defenses to sea-level rise—new estimates and their implications. Journal of Coastal Research, 290, pp.1212–1226. 10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-12-00230.1
115. Justine, Y. E. D., and Seenath, A. (2025). Vegetative nature-based solutions for coastal flood risk management: Benefits, challenges, and uncertainties. Ocean and Coastal Management, 261, 107520. 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2024.107520
116. Jalil-Masir, H., Fattahi, R., Ghanbari-Adivi, E., Asadi Aghbolaghi, M., Ehteram, M., Ahmed, A.N., & El-Shafie, A., 2022. An inclusive multiple model for predicting total sediment transport rate in the presence of coastal vegetation cover based on optimized kernel extreme learning models. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(44), pp.67180-67213. 10.1007/s11356-022-20472-y
117. Jalil-Masir, H., Fatahi, R., Ghanbari Adivi, E. & Asadi, M., 2020. Investigation on flexible trees impact on flow pattern at the coasts using physical model. Journal of Marine Engineering, 16(32), pp.9-19. [InPersian] 10.29252/marineeng.16.32.9
118. John, B.M., Shirlal, K.G. and Rao, S., 2015. Effect of artificial seagrass on wave attenuation: an experimental investigation. Aquatic Procedia, 4, pp.221–226. 10.1016/j.aqpro.2015.02.030
119. Jin, G., Zhang, S., Zhou, B., Yang, Y., Zhang, Z. & Chen, H., 2023. Solute transport characteristics in the streambed due to rigid non-submerged plants: experiment and simulations. Journal of Hydrology, 619, pp.129315. 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2023.129315
120. Julien, P.Y., 2010. Erosion and Sedimentation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
121. Jadhav, R.S., Chen, Q. and Smith, J.M., 2013. Spectral distribution of wave energy dissipation by salt marsh vegetation. Coastal Engineering, 77, pp.99–107. 10.1016/j.coastaleng.2013.02.013
122. Jevrejeva, S., Grinsted, A., Moore, J.C. and Holgate, S., 2006. Nonlinear trends and multiyear cycles in sea level records. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans. 10.1029/2005JC003229
123. Jennerjahn, TC, 2012. Biogeochemical response of tropical coastal systems to present and past environmental change. Earth-Science Reviews, 114, pp.19–41. 10.1016/j.earscirev.2012.04.005
124. Kulp, S.A. and Strauss, B.H., 2019. New elevation data triple estimates of global vulnerability to sea-level rise and coastal flooding. Nature Communications, 10, p.4844. 10.1038/s41467-019-12808-z
125. Kristensen, S.E., 2013. Marine and Coastal Morphology: Medium Term and Long-Term Area Modelling. PhD thesis, Technical University of Denmark.
126. Kraus, N.C., Hanson, H. and Blomgren, S.H., 1994. Modern functional design of groin systems. In: 24th Conference on Coastal Engineering, Kobe, Japan, 29 January 1994. 10.1061/9780784400890.097
127. Karimi, Z., Abdi, E., Deljouei, A., Cislaghi, A., Shirvany, A. and Schwarz, M., 2022. Vegetation-induced soil stabilization in coastal area: an example from a natural mangrove forest. Catena, 216, p.106410. 10.1016/j.catena.2022.106410
128. Koch, EW, Barbier, EB, Silliman, BR, Reed, DJ, Perillo, GM, Hacker, SD, et al., 2009. Non-linearity in ecosystem services: temporal and spatial variability in coastal protection. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 7, pp.29–37. 10.1890/080126
129. Kumar, P, Debele, SE, Sahani, J, Rawat, N, Marti-Cardona, B, Alfieri, SM, et al., 2021. Nature-based solutions efficiency evaluation against natural hazards: modelling methods, advantages and limitations. Science of The Total Environment, 784, p.147058. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147058
130. Kongko, W., 2004. Study on tsunami energy dissipation in mangrove forest. Master Thesis, Wate University, Japan.
131. Keijsers, JGS, De Groot, AV & Riksen, MJP, 2015. Vegetation and sedimentation on coastal foredunes. Geomorphology, 228, pp.723–734. 10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.10.027
132. Leewis, L., van Bodegom, P.M., Rozema, J. and Janssen, G.M., 2012. Does beach nourishment have long-term effects on intertidal macroinvertebrate species abundance? Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 113, pp. 172–181. 10.1016/j.ecss.2012.07.021
133. Lincke, D., Hinkel, J., Mengel, M., and Nicholls, R. J. (2022). Understanding the drivers of coastal flood exposure and risk from 1860 to 2100. Earth's Future, 10(12),e2021EF002584.10.1029/2021EF002584
134. Lorie, M., Neumann, J. E., Sarofim, M. C., Jones, R., Horton, R. M., Kopp, R. E. et al. (2020). Modeling coastal flood risk and adaptation response under future climate conditions. Climate risk management, 29, 100233. 10.1016/j.crm.2020.100233
135. Luther, D.A. and Greenberg, R., 2009. Mangroves: a global perspective on the evolution and conservation of their terrestrial vertebrates. Bioscience, 59, pp.602–612. 10.1525/bio.2009.59.7.11
136. Losada, I.J., Maza, M. and Lara, J.L., 2016. A new formulation for vegetation-induced damping under combined waves and currents. Coastal Engineering, 107, pp.1–13. 10.1016/j.coastaleng.2015.09.011
137. Luhar, M. and Nepf, H.M., 2016. Wave-induced dynamics of flexible blades. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 61, pp.20–41. 10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2015.11.007
138. Lee, J.-H., Jeong, Y.-M., Jeong, J. and Hur, D.-S., 2024. An experimental study on the effect of cross-sectional changes in rigid and flexible submerged vegetation on beach erosion control. Journal of Coastal Research, 116, pp.643–647. 10.2112/JCR-SI116-130.1
139. Martins, M.C., Neto, C. and Costa, J.C., 2013. The meaning of mainland Portugal beaches and dunes psammophilic plant communities: a contribution to tourism management and nature conservation. Journal of Coastal Conservation. [Online] Available at: [insert URL] [Accessed date].10.1007/s11852-013-0232-9
140. Morris, R.L., Konlechner, T.M., Ghisalberti, M. and Swearer, S.E., 2018. From grey to green: efficacy of eco-engineering solutions for nature-based coastal defence. Global Change Biology, 24, pp.1827–1842. 10.1111/gcb.14063
141. Moller, I., Kudella, M., Rupprecht, F., Spencer, T., Paul, M., Van Wesenbeeck, B.K., Wolters, G., Jensen, K., Bouma, T.J., Miranda-Lange, M. and Schimmels, S., 2014. Wave attenuation over coastal salt marshes under storm surge conditions. Nature Geoscience, 7, pp.727–731. 10.1038/ngeo2251
142. Merrifield, M.A., Johnson, M., Guza, R.T., Fiedler, J.W., Young, A.P., Henderson, C.S., Lange, A.M.Z., O’Reilly, W.C., Ludka, B.C., Okihiro, M., Gallien, T., Pappas, K. and Engeman, L., 2021. An early warning system for wave-driven coastal flooding at Imperial Beach, CA. Natural Hazards, 108, pp.2591–2612. 10.1007/s11069-021-04790-x
143. Martyr-Koller, R., Thomas, A., Schleussner, C.-F., Nauels, A., and Lissner, T., 2021. Loss and damage implications of sea-level rise on small island developing states. Current Opinions in Environmental Sustainability, 50, pp.245–259. 10.1016/j.cosust.2021.05.001
144. McLean, R.F., 2013. Bruun rule. In: Goudie, A., ed. Encyclopedia of Geomorphology. Taylor & Francis. 10.4324/9780203381137
145. Mitra, A., 2013. Sensitivity of Mangrove Ecosystem to Changing Climate. Springer India, New Delhi. 10.1007/978-81-322-1509-7
146. Morris, R.L., Chapman, M.G., Firth, L.B. and Coleman, R.A., 2017. Increasing habitat complexity on seawalls: investigating large- and small-scale effects on fish assemblages. Ecology and Evolution, 7, pp.9567–9579. 10.1002/ece3.3475
147. Mcleod, E., Chmura, G.L., Bouillon, S., Salm, R., Bjork, M., Duarte, C.M., Lovelock, C.E., Schlesinger, W.H. and Silliman, B.R., 2011. A blueprint for blue carbon: toward an improved understanding of the role of vegetated coastal habitats in sequestering CO₂. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 9, pp.552–560. 10.1890/110004
148. Mirzakhani, G., Ghanbari-Adivi, E., & Fattahi, R., 2023. Sediment trapping efficiency in different coastal forest characteristics. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 16(9), p.502. 10.1007/s12517-023-11622-8
149. Marsooli, R. and Wu, W., 2014. Numerical investigation of wave attenuation by vegetation using a 3D RANS model. Advances in Water Resources, 74, pp.245–257. 10.1016/j.advwatres.2014.09.012
150. Motamedi Nejad, Fathi Moghaddam, and Davoodi. (2017). Investigating the effect of coastal forest on the absorption of individual breaking wave force on steep coasts. Irrigation Science and Engineering , 40 (2), 251-263. [InPersian] 10.22055/jise.2017.13183
151. Ma, Y., Zhu, L., Peng, Z., Xue, L., Zhao, W., Li, T., et al., 2023. Wave attenuation by flattened vegetation (Scirpus mariqueter). Frontiers in Marine Science, 10, p.1106070. 10.3389/fmars.2023.1106070
152. Mirzakhani, G., Ghanbari Adivi, E. and Fattahi, R., 2024. Laboratory study of the effects of terrestrial coastal forests on the absorption of solitary wave force. Acta Geophysica, 72(1), pp.449-465. 10.1007/s11600-023-01039-y
153. Méndez, F.J. and Losada, I.J., 2004. An empirical model to estimate the propagation of random breaking and nonbreaking waves over vegetation fields. Coastal Engineering, 51, pp.103–118. 10.1016/j.coastaleng.2003.11.003
154. Mazda, Y., Magi, M., Ikeda, Y., Kurokawa, T. and Asano, T., 2006. Wave reduction in a mangrove forest dominated by Sonneratia sp. Wetlands Ecology and Management, 14, pp.365–378. 10.1007/s11273-005-5388-0
155. Mirzakhani, G. and Fatahi, R., 2022. Rigid vegetation density impact on wave force and height reduction in the shoreline. Water and Soil Science, 32(3), pp.163–180. [In Persian] 10.22034/ws.2021.37217.2305
156. Moraes, RPL, Reguero, BG, Mazarrasa, I, Ricker, M & Juanes, JA, 2022. Nature-based solutions in coastal and estuarine areas of Europe. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10. 10.3389/fenvs.2022.829526
157. Morris, RL, Pomeroy, AWM, Boxshall, A, Colleter, G, Dack, D, Dunlop, AR, et al., 2024. A blueprint for overcoming barriers to the use of nature-based coastal protection in Australia. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 12 10.3389/fenvs.2024.1435833
158. McIvor, A., Spencer, T., Möller, I., Spalding, M. and others, 2012. Storm surge reduction by mangroves. Natural Coastal Protection Series: Report 2, The Nature Conservancy and Wetlands International.
159. Mascarenhas A. and Jayakumar S, 2008. An environmental perspective of the post tsunami scenario along the coast of Tamil Nadu, India: Role of sand dunes and forests. Journal of Environmental Management 89(1): 24-34. 10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.01.053
160. Nobre, A.M. and Ferreira, J.G., 2009. Integration of ecosystem-based tools to support coastal zone management. Journal of Coastal Research, 56, pp. 1676–1680.
161. Narayan, S., Beck, M.W., Reguero, B.G., Losada, I.J., Van Wesenbeeck, B., Pontee, N., et al., 2016. The effectiveness, costs and coastal protection benefits of natural and nature-based defences. PLOS ONE, 11, p.e0154735. 10.1371/journal.pone.0154735
162. Narayan, S, Beck, MW, Wilson, P, Thomas, CJ, Guerrero, A, Shepard, CC, et al., 2017. The value of coastal wetlands for flood damage reduction in the northeastern USA. Scientific Reports, 7, p.9463. 10.1038/s41598-017-09269-z
163. NOAA, 2015. Guidance for considering the use of living shorelines. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Springs, Maryland.
164. Nagelkerken, I., Blaber, S.J.M., Bouillon, S., Green, P., Haywood, M., Kirton, L.G., Meynecke, J.O., Pawlik, J., Penrose, H.M., Sasekumar, A. and others, 2008. The habitat function of mangroves for terrestrial and marine fauna: a review. Aquatic Botany, 89, pp.155–185. 0.1016/j.aquabot.2007.12.007
165. Neumeier, U. and Amos, C.L., 2006. The influence of vegetation on turbulence and flow velocities in European saltmarshes. Sedimentology, 53, pp.259–277. 10.1111/j.1365-3091.2006.00772.x
166. Nepf, HM., 2012a. Flow and transport in regions with aquatic vegetation. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 44(1), pp.123–142. 10.1146/annurev-fluid-120710-101048
167. Nepf, HM., 2012b. Hydrodynamics of vegetated channels. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 50(3), pp.262–279. 10.1080/00221686.2012.696559
168. Nelson, J.L. and Zavaleta, E.S., 2012. Salt marsh as a coastal filter for the oceans: changes in function with experimental increases in nitrogen loading and sea-level rise. PLOS One, 7, p.e38558. 10.1371/journal.pone.0038558
169. Ohenhen, L.O., Shirzaei, M., Ojha, C., Sherpa, S.F., & Nicholls, R.J., 2024. Disappearing cities on US coasts. Nature, 627(8002), pp.108-115.10.1038/s41586-024-07038-3
170. O’Donnell, K.L., Bernhardt, E.S., Yang, X., Emanuel, R.E., Ardon, M., Lerdau, M.T., et al., 2024. Saltwater intrusion and sea level rise threaten U.S. rural coastal landscapes and communities. The Anthropocene. pp. 45, 100427.10.1016/j.ancene.2024.100427
171. Osorio, R.J., Linhoss, A., Skarke, A., Brasher, M.G., French, J. and Baghbani, R., 2022. Modeling wave climates and wave energy attenuation in marsh terrace environments in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Ecological Engineering, 176, p.106529. 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2021.106529
172. Ortiz, A.C., Ashton, A. and Nepf, HM., 2013. Mean and turbulent velocity fields near rigid and flexible plants and the implications for deposition. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 118(4), pp.2585–2599. 10.1002/2013JF002858
173. Pinheiro, J.P., Lopes, C.L., Ribeiro, A.S., Sousa, M.C. and Dias, J.M., 2020. Tide-surge interaction in Ria de Aveiro lagoon and its influence in local inundation patterns. Continental Shelf Research, 200, p.104132. 10.1016/j.csr.2020.104132
174. Palmer, R., 1996. History of Coastal Engineering in Great Britain. Development Consultants, London.
175. Pilkey, O.H. and Dixon, K.L., 1996. The Corps and the Shore. Island Press, Washington, D.C.
176. Pearce, K. A., & Brander, R. W. (2014). Rip current velocity and variability on a tropical embayed beach. Coastal Engineering, 84, 1-13.
177. Phan, K.L., Stive, M.J.F., Zijlema, M., Truong, H.S. and Aarninkhof, S.G.J., 2019. The effects of wave non-linearity on wave attenuation by vegetation. Coastal Engineering, 147, pp.63–74. 10.1016/j.coastaleng.2019.01.004
178. Pace, G., Peteet, D., Dunton, M., Wang-Mondaca, C., Ismail, S., Supino, J. and Nichols, J., 2021. Importance of quantifying the full-depth carbon reservoir of Jamaica Bay salt marshes, New York. In: City and Environment Interactions, vol. 12. 10.1016/j.cacint.2021.100073
179. Palacios, M.M., Trevathan-Tackett, S.M., Malerba, M.E. and Macreadie, P.I., 2021. Effects of a nutrient enrichment pulse on blue carbon ecosystems. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 165, 112024. 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112024
180. Rangel-Buitrago, N., Williams, A. and Anfuso, G., 2018. Hard protection structures as a principal coastal erosion management strategy along the Caribbean coast of Colombia: a chronicle of pitfalls. Ocean & Coastal Management, 156, pp.58–75. 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2017.04.006
181. Resio, D.T. and Westerink, J.J., 2008. Modeling the physics of storm surges. Physics Today, 61, pp.33–38. 10.1063/1.2982120
182. Rotzoll, K. and Fletcher, C.H., 2013. Assessment of groundwater inundation as a consequence of sea-level rise. Nature Climate Change, 3, pp.477–481. 10.1038/nclimate1725
183. Reeve, D., Chadwick, A. and Fleming, C., 2018. Coastal Engineering: Processes, Theory and Design Practice. Spon Press, Oxford, UK. 10.4324/9781351165525
184. Rupprecht, F., Möller, I., Paul, M., Kudella, M., Spencer, T., Van Wesenbeeck, B.K., Wolters, G., Jensen, K., Bouma, T.J., Miranda-Lange, M. and Schimmels, S., 2017. Vegetation-wave interactions in salt marshes under storm surge conditions. Ecological Engineering, 100, pp.301–315. 10.17863/CAM.27739
185. Rupprecht, F., 2015. Vegetation succession and coastal protection by wave dissipation in salt marshes of north-west Europe. PhD thesis, Universität Hamburg.
186. Raymond, C, Horton, RM, Zscheischler, J, Martius, O, Aghakouchak, A, Balch, J, Bowen, SG, Camargo, SJ, Hess, J, Kornhuber, K, Oppenheimer, M, Ruane, AC, Wahl, T & White, K, 2020. Understanding and managing connected extreme events. Nature Climate Change, 10, pp.611–621.10.1038/s41558-020-0790-4
187. Rosenberger, D. and Marsooli, R., 2022. Benefits of vegetation for mitigating wave impacts on vertical seawalls. Ocean Engineering, 250, p.110974. 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2022.110974
188. Reeve, DE, Horrillo-Caraballo, J, Karunarathna, H & Pan, S, 2019. A new perspective on meso-scale shoreline dynamics through data-driven analysis. Geomorphology, 341, pp.169–191.
189. Rezaporan, A., Ghanbari Adivi, E. and Fattahi, R., 2023. Performance comparison of hybrid protection methods in weakening coast waves. International Journal of Maritime Technology, 17(1), pp.1-12. 10.52547/ijmt.10.18.1
190. Ruangpan, L., Vojinovic, Z., Di Sabatino, S., Leo, L.S., Capobianco, V., Oen, A.M.P., Mcclain, M.E., Lopez-Gunn, E., 2020. Nature-based solutions for hydro meteorological risk reduction: a state-of-the-art review of the research area. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 20, 243–270. 10.5194/nhess-20-243-2020
191. Stoesser, T., Neary, V. and Wilson, C.A.M.E., 2005, August. Modeling vegetated channel flows: Challenges and opportunities. In Proceedings of the WSEAS (The World Scientific and Engineering Academy and Society) Conference on Fluid Mechanics, Corfu, Greece (pp. 20-22(.
192. Siegel, F.R., 2020. An example of coastal cities hazard exposure and economics. In: Siegel, F.R. (Ed.), Adaptations of Coastal Cities to Global Warming, Sea Level Rise, Climate Change and Endemic Hazards. Springer, Cham, pp.63-69. 10.1007/1978-3-030-22669-5
193. Schoonees, T., Gijón Mancheno, A., Scheres, B., Bouma, T.J., Silva, R. and Schlurmann, T., 2019. Hard structures for coastal protection, towards greener designs. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 42, pp.1709–1729. 10.1007/s12237-019-00551-z
194. Seenath, A., 2015. Comparing hydrodynamic models and GIS for coastal flood vulnerability assessment. University of the West Indies.
195. Seenath, A., 2022. On simulating shoreline evolution using a hybrid 2D/one-line model. Coastal Engineering, 178, pp.104216. 10.1016/j.coastaleng.2022.104216
196. Samani, S.B., Ghahfarokhi, G.S. and Adivi, E.G.,2023. Investigating the effect of using coastal barriers as a shear stress factor in weakening waves by using the 3D numerical model. [In Persian]. 10.22126/ATWE.2023.9221.1054
197. Short, A. D., and Brander, R. W. (1999). Rip current drainage patterns and sediment budget: a conceptual model. Marine Geology, 159(1-4), 101-118.
198. Soulsby, R. L., Whitehouse, R. J. S., & Harris, J. M. (2017). Handbook of coastal processes and coastal erosion. CRC Press
199. Scott, D.B., Frail-Gauthier, J. and Mudie, P.J., 2014. Coastal Wetlands of the World: Geology, Ecology, Distribution and Applications. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.10.1017/CBO9781107296916
200. Stephan, U. and Gutknecht, D., 2002. Hydraulic resistance of submerged flexible vegetation. Journal of Hydrology, 269, pp.27–43. 10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00192-0
201. Sánchez-Núñez, D.A., Mancera Pineda, J.E. and Osorio, A.F., 2020. From local- to global-scale control factors of wave attenuation in mangrove environments and the role of indirect mangrove wave attenuation. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 245. 10.1016/j.ecss.2020.106926
202. Surminski, S., Tanner, T. and others, 2016. Realising the ‘Triple Dividend of Resilience’. Springer. 10.1007/978-3-319-40694-7
203. Serrano, O., Lovelock, C.E., Atwood, T.B., Macreadie, P.I., Canto, R., Phinn, S., et al. 2019. Australian vegetated coastal ecosystems as global hotspots for climate change mitigation. Nature Communications, 10, p.4313. 10.25919/5d3a8acc9b598.
204. Sutton-Grier, AE, Wowk, K & Bamford, H, 2015. Future of our coasts: the potential for natural and hybrid infrastructure to enhance the resilience of our coastal communities, economies and ecosystems. Environmental Science & Policy, 51, pp.137–148. 10.1016/j.envsci.2015.04.006
205. Stive, MJF, Aarninkhof, SGJ, Hamm, L, Hanson, H, Larson, M, Wijnberg, KM, Nicholls, RJ & Capobianco, M, 2002. Variability of shore and shoreline evolution. Coastal Engineering, 47, pp.211–235. 10.1016/S0378-3839(02)00126-6
206. Seddon, N, Sengupta, S, García-Espinosa, M, Hauler, I, Herr, D & Rizvi, AR, 2019. Nature-Based Solutions in Nationally Determined Contributions. IUCN and University of Oxford, Gland, Switzerland and Oxford. https://portals.iucn.org/library/efiles/documents/2019-030-En.pdf
207. Teh, D. and Khan, T., 2021. Types, definition and classification of natural disasters and threat level. In: Eslamian, S. and Eslamian, F., eds. Handbook of Disaster Risk Reduction for Resilience. Springer International Publishing, Cham.
208. Tully, K., Gedan, K., Epanchin-Niell, R., Strong, A., Bernhardt, E.S., Bendor, T., Mitchell, M., Kominoski, J., Jordan, T.E., Neubauer, S.C. and Weston, N.B., 2019. The invisible flood: the chemistry, ecology, and social implications of coastal saltwater intrusion. Bioscience, 69, pp.368–378. 10.1093/biosci/biz027
209. Tait, J.F. and Griggs, G.B., 1991. Beach response to the presence of a seawall: comparisons of field observations. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
210. Taylor-Burns, R., Lowrie, C., Tehranirad, B., Lowe, J., Erikson, L., Barnard, P.L., Reguero, B.G. and Beck, M.W., 2024. The value of marsh restoration for flood risk reduction in an urban estuary. Scientific Reports, 14, p.6856. 10.1038/s41598-024-57474-4
211. Tanino, Y. and Nepf, HM., 2008. Laboratory investigation of mean drag in a random array of rigid, emergent cylinders. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 134(1), pp.34–41. 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2008)134:1(34)
212. Tinoco, R.O. and Coco, G., 2018. Turbulence as the main driver of resuspension in oscillatory flow through vegetation. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 123(5), pp.891–904. 10.1002/2017JF004504
213. Tseng, C.-Y. and Tinoco, R.O., 2021. A two-layer turbulence-based model to predict suspended sediment concentration in flows with aquatic vegetation. Geophysical Research Letters, 48(3), e2021GL092273. 10.1029/2020GL091255
214. Tang, J., Causon, D., Mingham, C. and Qian, L., 2013. Numerical study of vegetation damping effects on solitary wave run-up using the nonlinear shallow water equations. Coastal Engineering, 75, pp.21–28. 10.1016/j.coastaleng.2013.01.002
215. Tanner, T., Surminski, S., Wilkinson, E., Reid, R., Rentschler, J. and others, 2015. The Triple Dividend of Resilience: Realising Development Goals through the Multiple Benefits of Disaster Risk Management. https://www.odi.org/publications/9599-triple-dividend-resilience-development-goals-multiple-benefits-disaster-risk-management
216. Unguendoli, S., Biolchi, L.G., Aguzzi, M., Pillai, U.P.A., Alessandri, J. and Valentini, A., 2023. A modeling application of integrated nature based solutions (NBS) for coastal erosion and flooding mitigation in the Emilia-Romagna coastline (Northeast Italy). Science of The Total Environment, 867, p.161357. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161357
217. Vousdoukas, M., Mentaschi, L., Mongelli, I., Ciscar Martinez, J., Hinkel, J., Ward, P., Gosling, S., Feyen, L., 2020. Adapting to Rising Coastal Flood Risk in the Eu under Climate Change. Publications Office of the the European Union, Luxembourg. 10.2760/456870
218. Van Hespen, R., Hu, Z., Borsje, B., De Dominicis, M., Friess, D.A., Jevrejeva, S., Kleinhans, M.G., Maza, M., Van Bijsterveldt, C.E.J., Van der Stocken, T. and Van Wesenbeeck, B., 2023. Mangrove forests as a nature-based solution for coastal flood protection: biophysical and ecological considerations. Water Science and Engineering, 16, pp.1–13. 10.1016/j.wse.2022.10.004
219. Von Storch, H. and Woth, K., 2008. Storm surges: perspectives and options. Sustainability Science, 3, pp.33–43. 10.1007/s11625-008-0044-2
220. Vinet, F., 2017. Introduction. In: Floods. Elsevier. 10.1016/B978-1-78548-269-4.50027-5
221. Vousdoukas, M.I., Athanasiou, P., Giardino, A., Mentaschi, L., Stocchino, A., Kopp, R.E., et al., 2023. Small island developing states under threat by rising seas even in a 1.5°C warming world. Nature Sustainability, 6, pp.1552–1564. 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1902201/v1
222. Valipour, S. and Ghanbari Adivi, E., 2023. Investigation of the forces caused by individual waves on coastal walls using OpenFOAM software. Marine Engineering Scientific Research Journal, 18(37), pp.1-15. [In Persian]. 10.2112/SI65-026.1
223. Van Zelst, V.T.M., Dijkstra, J.T., Van Wesenbeeck, B.K., Eilander, D., Morris, E.P., Winsemius, H.C., Ward, P.J. and De Vries, M.B., 2021. Cutting the costs of coastal protection by integrating vegetation in flood defences. Nature Communications, 12, p.6533. 10.1038/s41467-021-26887-4
224. Van Rijn, L. C. (2017). Principles of coastal engineering. Delft University of Technology.
225. Valdez, S.R., Zhang, Y.S., Van Der Heide, T., Vanderklift, M.A., Tarquinio, F., Orth, R.J. and Silliman, B.R., 2020. Positive ecological interactions and the success of seagrass restoration. Frontiers in Marine Science, 7, p.91. 10.3389/fmars.2020.00091
226. Van Dam, B.R., Zeller, M.A., Lopes, C., Smyth, A.R., Bottcher, M.E., Osburn, C.L., Zimmerman, T., Profrock, D., Fourqurean, J.W. and Thomas, H., 2021. Calcification-driven CO₂ emissions exceed “blue carbon” sequestration in a carbonate seagrass meadow. Science Advances, 7, eabj1372. 10.1126/sciadv.abj1372
227. Van Veelen, T.J., Karunarathna, H. and Reeve, D.E., 2021. Modelling wave attenuation by quasi-flexible coastal vegetation. Coastal Engineering, 164, p.103820. 10.1016/j.coastaleng.2020.103820
228. Van Veelen, T.J., Fairchild, T.P., Reeve, D.E. and Karunarathna, H., 2020. Experimental study on vegetation flexibility as control parameter for wave damping and velocity structure. Coastal Engineering. [In press]. 10.1016/j.coastaleng.2020.103648
229. Van Wesenbeeck, B.K., Wolters, G., Antolínez, J.A.A., Kalloe, S.A., Hofland, B., De Boer, W.P., Çete, C. and Bouma, T.J., 2022. Wave attenuation through forests under extreme conditions. Scientific Reports, 12, p.1884. 10.1038/s41598-022-05753-3
230. Vargas-Luna, A., Crosato, A. & Uijttewaal, W.S.J., 2015. Effects of vegetation on flow and sediment transport; comparative analyses and validation of predicting models. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 40(2), pp.157–176. 10.1002/esp.3633
231. Vuik, V., Jonkman, S.N., Borsje, B.W. and Suzuki, T., 2016. Nature-based flood protection: the efficiency of vegetated foreshores for reducing wave loads on coastal dikes. Coastal Engineering, 116, pp.42–56. 10.1051/e3sconf/20160713014
232. Van Loon, A.F., Te Brake, B., Van Huijgevoort, M.H.J. and Dijksma, R., 2016. Hydrological classification, a practical tool for mangrove restoration. PLoS ONE, 11, e0150302. 10.1371/journal.pone.0150302
233. Weisse, R., von Storch, H., Niemeyer, H.D. and Knaack, H., 2012. Changing North Sea storm surge climate: an increasing hazard? Ocean & Coastal Management, 68, pp.58–68. 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2011.09.005
234. Wang, X., and Shen, X. (2021). Coastal hydrodynamics and morphodynamics. Springer.
235. Whitfield, A.K., 2017. The role of seagrass meadows, mangrove forests, salt marshes and reed beds as nursery areas and food sources for fishes in estuaries. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 27, pp.75–110. 10.1007/s11160-016-9454-x
236. Wang, F., Sanders, C.J., Santos, I.R., Tang, J., Schuerch, M., Kirwan, M.L., et al., 2021a. Global blue carbon accumulation in tidal wetlands increases with climate change. National Science Review, 8, nwaa296. 10.1093/nsr/nwaa296
237. Wahyudi, A.J., Rahmawati, S., Irawan, A., Hadiyanto, H., Prayudha, B., Hafizt, M., Afdal, A., Adi, N.S., Rustam, A., Hernawan, U.E., Rahayu, Y.P. and others, 2020. Assessing carbon stock and sequestration of tropical seagrass meadows in Indonesia. Ocean Science Journal, 55, pp.85–97. 10.1007/s12601-020-0003-0
238. Wang, C., Zheng, S.-s., Wang, P.-f. and Hou, J., 2015. Interactions between vegetation, water flow and sediment transport: A review. Journal of Hydrodynamics. Series B, 27(1), pp.24–37. 10.1016/S1001-6058(15)60453-X
239. Waycott, M., Duarte, C.M., Carruthers, T.J.B., Orth, R.J., Dennison, W.C., Olyarnik, S., et al., 2009. Accelerating loss of seagrasses across the globe threatens coastal ecosystems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106, pp.12377–12381. 10.1073/pnas.0905620106
240. Wang, X., Bai, J., Yan, J., Cui, B. and Shao, D., 2022. How turbidity mediates the combined effects of nutrient enrichment and herbivory on seagrass ecosystems. Frontiers in Marine Science, 9, p.787041. 10.3389/fmars.2022.787041
241. Waylen, KA, Holstead, KL, Colley, K and Hopkins, J, 2018. Challenges to enabling and implementing natural flood management in Scotland. Journal of Flood Risk Management, 11. 10.1111/jfr3.12301
242. Wang, Y, Yin, Z & Liu, Y, 2021b Predicting the bulk drag coefficient of flexible vegetation in wave flows based on a genetic programming algorithm. Ocean Engineering, 223, p.108694.
243. Xu, H., Hou, X., Pan, S., Bray, M.., and Wang, C.., 2024. Socioeconomic impacts from coastal flooding in the 21st century China's coastal zone: A coupling analysis between coastal flood risk and socioeconomic development. Science of the Total Environment,917,p.170187.10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170187
244. Xin, P., Wilson, A., Shen, C., Ge, Z., Moffett, K.B., Santos, I.R., Chen, X., Xu, X., Yau, Y.Y.Y. and Moore, W., 2022. Surface water and groundwater interactions in salt marshes and their impact on plant ecology and coastal biogeochemistry. Reviews of Geophysics, 60, e2021RG000740. 10.1029/2021RG000740
245. Xu, Y. and Nepf, H., 2020. Measured and predicted turbulent kinetic energy in flow through emergent vegetation with real plant morphology. Water Resources Research, 56(12), pp.1–14. 10.1029/2020WR027892
246. Xu, Y. and Nepf, H., 2021. Suspended sediment concentration profile in a Typha latifolia canopy. Water Resources Research, 57(9), e10594. 10.1029/2021WR029902
247. Yoo, J., Sinha, V. and Mendelsohn, R., 2023. Can seawalls help American cities adapt to coastal flooding? International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, 15, pp.479–492. 10.1108/IJCCSM-02-2022-0020
248. Yoon, H. S., Hsieh, H. M., and Hsiao, S. S. (2013). Numerical simulation of turbulent flow around a submerged breakwater with different porosity. Ocean Engineering, 71, 170-179.
249. Yang, J.Q. and Nepf, HM., 2018. A turbulence-based bed-load transport model for bare and vegetated channels. Geophysical Research Letters, 45(10), pp.[pages missing]. 10.1029/2018GL079319
250. Yang, J.Q. and Nepf, HM., 2019. Impact of vegetation on bed load transport rate and Bedform characteristics. Water Resources Research, 55(7), pp.6109–6124. 10.1029/2018WR024404
251. Yang, J.Q. and Nepf, HM., 2015. Estimation of the bed shear stress in vegetated and bare channels with smooth beds. Water Resources Research, 51(5), pp.3647–3663. 10.1002/2014WR016042
252. Yang, J.Q., Chung, H. and Nepf, HM., 2016. The onset of sediment transport in vegetated channels predicted by turbulent kinetic energy. Geophysical Research Letters, 43(21), pp.[pages missing]. 10.1002/2016GL071092
253. Yang, J.Q., 2024. Solute flow and particle transport in aquatic ecosystems: A review on the effect of emergent and rigid vegetation. Environmental Science and Ecotechnology, 100429. 10.1016/j.ese.2024.100429
254. Yang, S.L., Shi, B.W., Bouma, T.J., Ysebaert, T. and Luo, X.X., 2012. Wave attenuation at a salt marsh margin: a case study of an exposed coast on the Yangtze Estuary. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 35, pp.169–182. 10.1007/s12237-011-9424-4
255. Zu Ermgassen, P.S.E., Deangelis, B., Gair, J.R., Ermgassen, S.Z., Baker, R., Daniels, A., et al., 2021. Estimating and applying fish and invertebrate density and production enhancement from seagrass, salt marsh edge, and oyster reef nursery habitats in the Gulf of Mexico. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 44, pp.1588–1603. 10.1007/s12237-021-00935-0
256. Zhang, Y., Yang, Y., Yang, K., Tan, X., Sun, X., Leng, B., Zhou, C. and Zhu, B., 2020. Nonlinear wave attenuation quantification model improves the estimation of wave attenuation efficiency of mangroves. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 245, p.106927. 10.1016/j.ecss.2020.106927
257. Zhou, X., Dai, Z., Pang, W., Wang, J. and Long, C., 2022. Wave attenuation over mangroves in the Nanliu Delta, China. Frontiers in Marine Science, 9, p.874818. 10.3389/fmars.2022.874818
258. Zhu, Q., Wiberg, P.L. and Reidenbach, M.A., 2021. Quantifying seasonal seagrass effects on flow and sediment dynamics. Remote Sensing, in press.10.1029/2020JC016547
