نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشجوی سابق کارشناسی ارشد آبیاری و زهکشی، دانشگاه شهرکرد
2 دانشیار گروه مهندسی آب ، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهرکرد
3 استاد، گروه مهندسی آب ، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهرکرد
چکیده
یکی از راههای کاهش میزان آب مصرفی و افزایش بهرهورری آب، کاهش تبخیر آب از سطح خاک میباشد و آبیاری زیرسطحی یکی از روشهایی است که میتواند تبخیر آب از سطح خاک را کاهش دهد. هدایت آب به زیر سطح زمین و محیط ریشه در آبیاری زیرسطحی، میتواند توزیع مناسب رطوبت را به همراه داشته باشد و تبخیر از سطح خاک را تحت تاثیر قرار دهد. هدف از این پژوهش بررسی تاثیر استفاده از تشک ژئوتکستایل در سامانه آبیاری زیرسطحی بر الگوی توزیع رطوبت میباشد. این پژوهش در یک مدل فیزیکی به حجم یک مترمکعب با دیوارهی پلکسی گلاس در دانشگاه شهرکرد انجام شد. طرح آماری مورد استفاده در این پژوهش، طرح فاکتوریل در قالب طرح پایهی کاملاً تصادفی با 10 تیمار و سه تکرار بود فاکتور اول عمق کارگذاری لولهها در دو سطح (15 و 30 سانتیمتری از سطح خاک) و فاکتور دوم نوع پوشش دور لوله در 5 سطح (4 نوع تشک ژئوتکستایل با ضریب آبگذری متفاوت و یک پوشش شن و ماسه) بود. نتایج بهدست آمده نشان داد که کاربرد تشک ژئوتکستایل در اطراف لولههای آبده سبب افزایش حداکثر عرض خیسشدگی تا 70 درصد، کاهش حداکثر عمقخیسشدگی تا 70 درصد و کاهش حداکثر صعود مویینگی نسبت به تیمار شن و ماسه تا 95 درصد گردید. همچنین افزایش عمق نصب تشک از پانزده به سی سانتیمتر نیز سبب کاهش بیشتر صعود مویینگی و عمق خیسشدگی و افزایش عرض خیسشدگی شده است. از نظر آماری اثر عمق و نوع پوشش (فاکتورهای آزمایش) در سطح یک درصد معنیدار شد. تیمارهای ژئوتکستایل دارای ضریب آبگذری پایینتر، صعود مویینگی کمتری دارد که این نتایج در تطابق با عرض و عمق خیسشدگی است. در هر دو تیمار با گذشت زمانهای مورد نظر هنوز فاصله زیادی تا رسیدن جبهه رطوبتی به سطح خاک وجود دارد. نتیجهگیری اینکه تشکهای ژئوتکستایلی که از ژئوتکستایل با آبگذری عمودی پایین تهیه میشوند، میتوانند گسترش افقی و عمودی مناسبی را ایجاد نماید و بهعنوان یک گزینه مناسب برای زمینهای فضای سبز، ورزشگاهها و گلخانهها با کشت گیاه مورد آزمون قرار گیرند.
کلیدواژهها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
Improving wetting pattern in subsurface irrigation with perforated pipes and using geotextile mattresses
نویسندگان [English]
- Marzieh Paknejad 1
- Mahdi Ghobadinia 2
- Sayyed-Hassan Tabatabaei 3
1 Fromer MSc Student of Shahrekord University
2 Associate Professor,, Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University
3 Professor, Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, , Iran
چکیده [English]
Introduction
Efficient utilization of water in the agricultural sector, or enhancing water productivity, is pivotal in mitigating the challenges of water scarcity in Iran. One of the ways to reduce water consumption and increase water productivity is by minimizing the evaporation of water from the soil's surface. subsurface irrigation is one of the methods that can reduce water evaporation from the soil surface. Using water below the ground surface and on the root environment in subsurface irrigation can result in proper moisture distribution and affect evaporation from the soil surface. Subsurface irrigation using geosynthetics or geotextiles is an innovative method in agriculture that helps improve water resource management and increase the efficiency of water use. This method, known as SSTI, can be applied to various soil types, from sandy to clayey, and offers numerous benefits. Among these benefits are the reduction of water, fertilizer, and herbicide consumption. In the SSTI system, water and nutrients are directly delivered to the plant root zone, which can contribute to increased plant performance and health. The use of geocomposite sheets in this system can be effective in the application of treated wastewater in subsurface irrigation, as the hydraulic conductivity of the geotextile mat differs from the surrounding soil and can improve the soil moisture distribution pattern. This, in turn, ensures that water is distributed more appropriately in the root development zone, thereby optimizing plant growth. The aim of this research is to investigate the impact of using geotextile mattress in subsurface irrigation systems on the pattern of moisture distribution.
Materials and Methods
This study was conducted at the irrigation laboratory of Shahrekord University using a physical model encompassing a one-cubic-meter volume with transparent Plexiglas walls. Geotextile mats, composed of geotextile sheets, were placed around the water pipes. Considering the permeability differences of the envelope sheets, an experiment with ten treatments was designed in silty clay soil. Soil passed through a number 10 sieve was used to fill the model. The model was fill with soil with several layers and compacted in such a way that the bulk density of the layers was uniform, ensuring the overall bulk density of the soil in the reservoir was consistent. The study was conducted as a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications. The first factor was the depth of pipe installation at two levels (15 and 30 centimeters from the soil surface), and the second factor was the type of geotextile mat in five levels (two types of non-woven geotextile mats with a permeable bottom layer similar to the top layer, two types of non-woven geotextile mats with a less permeable bottom layer, and without envelope as the control). The inflow rate to the model was kept constant throughout the experiment using a float and a reservoir. Since initial moisture plays a significant role in soil moisture distribution, efforts were made to conduct all experiments at a uniform initial moisture content (equivalent to 4 percent by volume and air-dry soil).
Results
To investigate the impact of envelope type on soil moisture distribution, four key parameters were analyzed: maximum width and wetted depth, capillary rise, and overlap of the moisture front. The results revealed that incorporating geotextile mats around water pipes led to a significant increase of up to 70% in maximum wetted width, a decrease of up to 70% in maximum wetted depth, and a reduction of up to 95% in maximum capillary rise compared to sand and gravel treatments. Furthermore, elevating the mat installation depth from 15 to 30 centimeters not only further decreased capillary rise and wetted depth but also enhanced wetted width. The statistical analysis highlighted the significant impact of depth and envelope type as experimental factors at the 1% level. Geotextile treatments with sheets featuring a lower permeability coefficient exhibited reduced capillary rise, consistent with the findings on wetted width and depth. When the moisture front's arrival at the soil surface determined the cessation of flow, treatments positioned at a 15-centimeter depth did not allow sufficient time for moisture front overlap. In contrast, placement at a 30-centimeter depth facilitated appropriate overlap and minimized the wetted surface area, subsequently reducing evaporation. Among treatments positioned at a 30-centimeter depth, geotextiles with lower vertical permeability necessitated more time for the moisture front to reach the soil surface. Consequently, geotextile mattress crafted from materials with lower vertical permeability can support optimal horizontal and vertical expansion and they could be evaluated for landscapes, stadiums, and greenhouses under evaluation.
کلیدواژهها [English]
- Capillary Rise
- Geotextile
- Subsurface Irrigation
- Wetted Depth
- Wetted Width