Iranian Water Research Journal

Abstract The growing trend of the population and the weakness of management structures in the Lake Urmia bsin doubles the need for proper and useful use of the water resources in this basin. This requires the creation of a sustainable management plan in the water sector and the creation of suitable platforms considering the natural-social dimensions and the administrative structure at the local, provincial and national levels. Considering the existing limitations in the water resources of the Lake Urmia, it is necessary to consider the relationships between users in addition to economic values and social issues for better management of water resources. Lake Urmia is the largest internal lake in Iran, which is deteriorating due to climatic and human problems. The increase in the area under water cultivation, the decrease in precipitation, the low efficiency of agricultural irrigation in the catchment area of Lake Urmia, and the lack of allocation of sufficient water to meet the biological needs of the rivers leading to the lake, are considered to be the most important factors aggravating the crisis and dryness of Lake Urmia. In addition to climate changes, droughts and natural factors, the weakness in the management of water resources caused by human factors has also had a significant impact on the present crisis in Lake Urmia. In this regard, in the present research, firstly, the social interactions and economic interests of the beneficiaries under different facility scenarios and the supervision and training of the government to evaluate its effects on the decision-making of independent users are presented in the form of a complex adaptive system (ABM). Next, using fault tree analysis (FTA), the scenarios that led to the failure of water resources in the Lake Urmia basin were identified. Regional information (Miandoab plain located in the southeast of Lake Urmia) was collected as an example of the areas affecting the management of water resources in the catchment area of Lake Urmia using field measurements, questionnaires and expert interviews. Then, the factors that make up the general structure of the ABM simulation model in NetLogo software were identified. The results showed that subsidy policy and government supervision and education play an essential role in increasing water productivity in Lake Urmia basin with F-value=4375.59, F-value=1055.10 and p-value=0.0 respectively at 95% confidence level. The evaluation of the effect of government supervision and trainng showed that the main reason for the failure of water resources in the Lake Lake basin area is the lack of propensityand demands of farmers and the low awareness of the residents of the basin with the probability of failure of 0.90 and 0.86, respectively. The results confirm that a detailed understanding of the patterns and connections of the studied basin by increasing farmers' motivation and awareness of the importance of long-term sustainability of water resources can lead to a suitable solution in the decision-making process and optimal use of water resources.

Abstract One of the main solutions to deal with the water shortage is the proper use of unconventional water. Unconventional types of water include saline water, drainage water, agricultural wastewater, effluent (domestic, industrial, agricultural, fisheries) and rainwater. But the direct use of unconventional water in some condition can cause irreparable damage to agricultural products, soil, humans and the environment. In particular, the use of unconventional water in the drip irrigation method (which is expensive) can cause clogging of the drippers and make this method economically and technically difficult. For this reason, it is necessary to use purification methods to use unconventional water. Unconventional water treatment methods include phytoremediation, chemical methods and also the method of magnetizing water. Each of these methods has its own advantages and disadvantages



Materials and Methods

In this research, with the help of phytoremediation method and magnetization technique, the possibility of using the effluent of Gorgan urban treatment plant (as an unconventional permanent water source) in drip irrigation was investigated. For this purpose, an experiment with three water quality factors (including two types of control water and municipal wastewater treatment plant), magnetization factor in two levels and phytoremediation factor in three levels without plants, with Phragmites australis and Bambuseae plant was studied. Four time remainds: 3, 5, 7 and 10 days in phytoremediation were considered.



Results and Discussion

The results of analysis of variance on hardness parameter showed that the effect of water quality after 5 and 7 days on total water hardness at 5% level was significant. Also, the hardness of water under the influence of magnetizing was not significant after 5 days, but it became significant at the level of 1% in 7 days. Also, the effect of phytoremediation at the time of 5 days, at the level of 5% probability and at the time of 7 days at the level of 1% probability was significant. The interaction effect of water quality and phytoremediation has been significant at the level of 5% on total hardness in just 7 days. The interaction effect of water quality and magnetization of water after 5 days at the level of 1% on the total hardness has been significant. Also, phytoremediation with Phragmites australis has caused a significant increase in hardness. But the hardness of water and effluent with Bambuseae and without plant was not significantly different. The interaction of water quality and phytoremediation also showed that Phragmites australis plant has increased the total hardness compared to other treatments. The values of analysis of variance of the effect of different treatments during the retention time on the amount of calcium indicate that the amount of calcium in the water samples, except for the phytoremediation treatment at the time of 10 days, did not change significantly. Comparison of the average effect of different phytoremediation treatments with a remind time of 10 days shows that the calcium content of water samples in phytoremediation treatment with Phragmites australis is higher than Bambuseae and non-phytoremediation treatments. Analysis of variance of the effects of different treatments at different times on the amount of carbonate indicates that during the stay of 3 and 5 days, these treatments had no effect on the amount of carbonate. Also, after 7 days, only phytoremediation had a significant effect on the carbonate content of the samples at the level of 1%. But with a remind time of 10 days, the simple effects of water quality treatments, magnetic modification and phytoremediation were significant and their interactions were not significant. Due to the fact that the simple effect of phytoremediation on water carbonate in different treatments was significant only after 7 days remind time, the amount of carbonate in Phragmites australis phytoremediation treatment was higher than the amount of Bambuseae phytoremediation without phytoremediation. carbonate has increased significantly in the presence of Phragmites australis roots compared to Bambuseae and without plants. Also, the effect of magnetization has caused a significant increase in carbonate after ten days. After ten days, phytoremediation with Phragmites australis and Bambuseae has significantly increased the amount of carbonate in water samples

Different quality treatments, magnetic modification and phytoremediation did not have a significant effect on bicarbonate ions at different remind times. Therefore, modification or reduction of this ion by the methods mentioned in this study will not be effective.





Conclusions

In general, it can be said that the minimum retention time of 7 days seems necessary for the effect of Phragmites australis and Bambuseae treatment on reducing the effects of waste water. There is a possibility of increasing water hardness in the conditions of plant treatment with Phragmites australis. However, this result was not obtained in the case of the Bambuseae. Also, magnetization of water has not shown any special effect on other ions, except the effect on the increase of carbonate in long retention times.

Abstract Snow drought indices are used for monitoring drought in snow-fed basins. The SZIsnow index has so far been calculated only at the continental scale, while the SMRI index has been calculated at the basin scale. Additionally, for comparing the performance of these two indices in a specific snow basin, a criterion is required. The present study introduces the Fbench ratio as a tool for comparing the SMRI and SZIsnow indices. For this purpose, in the Dez basin with an area of 23,229 square kilometers, firstly, using GLDAS, each of the SMRI and SZIsnow indices was calculated at 3, 6, and 12-month time scales over a 24-year period (1982 to 2006), and then they were compared using the Fbench criterion. The results showed that the application of snow drought index varies under different time steps. For instance, in the 3-month time step, due to the positive Fbenchsmri in 67% of months of the year and corresponding to accumulation and then melting months, the SMRI index provided a more realistic monitoring compared to SZIsnow, with a positive Fbenchszisnow increase of 17%. This is while in the 6-month time step, despite the SMRI superiority with a positive Fbenchsmri increase of 50%, compared to SZIsnow with a Fbenchsmri positivity of 8%, the SZIsnow index provided a more accurate monitoring of drought conditions. Finally, in the 12-month time step, due to the negative values of 100% for both Fbenchsmri and Fbenchszisnow, the SZIsnow index, due to its better alignment with melting months such as April, June, and July, was identified as a suitable index for hydrological drought monitoring.