دانشگاه شهرکرد پژوهش آب ایران 2008-1235 15 4 2021 12 22 Optimization of coagulation process in drinking water treatment using Pistacia atlantica by response surface methodology (RSM) بهینه‌سازی فرآیند انعقاد در تصفیه آب آشامیدنی با استفاده از دانه بنه (Pistacia atlantica)به‌وسیله روش سطح پاسخ (RSM) 1 10 11182 10.22034/iwrj.2021.11182 FA شهرام شریفی دانشگاه نوشیروانی بابل مرتضی حسینی دانشگاه صنعتی نوشیروانی بابل حسن امیری راد دانشگاه صنعتی نوشیروانی بابل Journal Article 2021 04 18 Coagulation is one of the most important processes in water treatment. Water sources can be contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms, soluble and suspended solids, particles that change the taste, odor and color of water and make water unsafe for human consumption. Such impurities and contaminants which reduce water quality must be effectively removed. Coagulation- flocculation is performed as the first step in water treatment processes to remove turbidity from suspended solids and colloidal particles. The materials used in this stage of water treatment can be inorganic coagulants, synthetic organic polymers or coagulants of natural origin. Aluminum sulfate (alum) is a common coagulant used worldwide in water treatment. Despite the high efficiency of alum in removing turbidity, the volume of sludge produced after the coagulation process is high, that raises concerns about its harmful environmental effects. Apply of synthetic polymers and the presence of residual monomers is undesirable due to nerve toxicity and strong carcinogenicity. Therefore, the use of natural coagulants received more attention. In contrast to chemical coagulants, natural coagulants are safe, eco-friendly and generally toxic free. Natural coagulants have been found to generate not only a much smaller sludge volume (up to five times lower), but also a higher nutritional sludge value. As such, lower costs of sludge treatment and handling canmake it a more sustainable. The raw plant extracts are often available locally and hence, a low cost alternative to chemical coagulants. Since natural coagulants do not consume alkalinity unlike alum, pH adjustments can be omitted that provides extra cost savings. Natural coagulants are also non-corrosive. In this study, Pistacia atlantica seeds were used as a natural coagulant. The seeds were obtained from coriander tree in the Zagros Mountains (Rig region, Lordegan province, Iran). Husks of the seeds were removed manually. This biomass was madecoarse grind using a hand mill. Then, it came to fine grind by a Bosch electric Kaolin mill. Afterward, 5 g/l of fine milled seeds was mixed with distilled water and stirred at 500 rpm, using electric stirrer for 10 min at room temperature. The filtered extract containing the active coagulant was then used in the coagulation process. Synthetic turbid water was prepared by adding kaolin to distilled water to gain a stock kaolin suspension for all coagulation experiments. The stock kaolin suspension was prepared by dissolving 10 g of kaolin powder in 1 L of distilled water. The suspension was stirred at 20 rpm for 1 h to achieve uniform dispersion of the kaolin particles. The suspension was then permitted to stand for 24 h to achieve a complete hydration of the kaolin. This suspension was used as a stock solution for the preparation of water samples of varying turbidity for the coagulations tests. Then, one molar solution of HCl and NaOH were added into the synthetic turbid water to adjust the pH value. The coagulation activity of Pistacia atlantica extract was determined by Jar test, during which 300 ml of Synthetic turbid water of different initial turbidities was poured into 600 ml beakers. Pistacia atlantica extracts with variable doses and densities were added to these beakers and mixed at 100 rpm for 4 min for rapid mixing using mechanical stirrer. The mixing speed was reduced to 40 rpm for another 25 min. The suspensions were then allowed to settle down. After 30 min of sedimentation, clarified samples from beakers were collected and their residual turbidities were measured using turbidity meter. The initial turbidity was studied 100 NTU and the solvent with 0.5 M NaCl were employed. All the experiments were repeated at least twice for consistency and results average. Moreover, the response surface methodology (RSM) of central composite design (CCD) was used at 5 levels to evaluate and optimize the reaction conditions of the coagulation-flocculation process in drinking water treatment. Three parameters of dose, pH and contact time, which are important and influential factors on the coagulation-flocculation process, were used as variables in the experimental design. A quadratic polynomials model with a value of R2 = 0.9654 (correlation coefficient) was presented to the data. Model accuracy tests showed a good correlation between actual and predicted values. In the treatment of drinking water obtained from experimental results, a significant reduction in turbidity was obtained for Pistacia atlantica coagulant, i.e. 95.13% with the dose of 90.53 mg/l, pH = 9.97 and a contact time of 44.86 minutes. Consequently, Pistacia atlantica seed had high potential as a coagulant in drinking water treatment. انعقاد یکی از مهمترین فرآیندها در تصفیه آب است. نگرانی روزافزون جهانی در مورد مسائل زیست محیطی علاقه به تحقیق در مورد منعقدکننده‌های طبیعی را افزایش داده است. در حال حاضر ثابت شده است که منعقد کننده‌های طبیعی به دلیل در دسترس بودن ، مقرون به صرفه بودن، ماهیت غیرسمی و زیست تخریب‌پذیر بودن، جایگزین خوبی برای منعقد کننده‌های شیمیایی هستند. در این مطالعه پتانسیل، مناسب بودن ، اثربخشی و کارایی دانه بنه به عنوان منعقد کننده طبیعی برای تصفیه آب با کدورت اولیه NTU100 بررسی شد. از طرف دیگر ، روش سطح پاسخ (RSM) از نوع طراحی مرکب مرکزی (CCD) در 5 سطح برای ارزیابی و بهینه سازی شرایط واکنش فرآیند انعقاد-لخته سازی در تصفیه آب آشامیدنی به کار گرفته شد. از سه پارامتر غلظت منعقد کننده، pH و زمان تماس که از عوامل مهم و تأثیرگذار بر فرآیند انعقاد-لخته سازی هستند به عنوان متغیر در طراحی آزمایش استفاده شد. یک مدل چند جمله‌ای درجه دوم با مقدار0.9654=R2 (ضریب تشخیص) به داده‌ها ارائه شد. آزمایش‌های صحت مدل، مطابقت خوب بین مقادیر واقعی و مقادیر پیش‌بینی شده را نشان داد. در تصفیه آب آشامیدنی حاصل از نتایج تجربی، کاهش قابل ملاحظه کدورت یعنی 95.13 درصد با غلظت 90.53 میلی گرم در لیتر ، 9.79= pHو زمان تماس 44.86 دقیقه برای منعقدکننده بنه حاصل شد. با توجه به نتایج بهینه‌سازی، دانه بنه به عنوان منعقدکننده در تصفیه آب آشامیدنی پتانسیل بالایی را از خود به نمایش گذاشت.

https://iwrj.sku.ac.ir/article_11182_1f89885d556929e98d3ef9b86448f951.pdf

دانشگاه شهرکرد پژوهش آب ایران 2008-1235 15 4 2021 12 22 Legal review of ownership of natural waterways and its legal implications بررسی حقوقی مالکیت مجاری طبیعی آبی و آثار حقوقی مترتب برآن 11 20 11176 10.22034/iwrj.2021.11176 FA عباسعلی پورالشریعه دانشجوی دکتری حقوق خصوصی، واحد تهران مرکزی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران مرتضی شهبازی نیا دانشیار دانشکده حقوق خصوصی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران مهشید السادات طبایی استادیار گروه حقوق خصوصی، واحد تهران مرکزی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران Journal Article 2021 01 24 Ownership of natural waterways, including rivers, natural streams and canals, is one of the most important issues of the water law of the country; therefore, in this article, the evolution of the ownership of the mentioned waterways from the beginning of the legislation until now has been studied. For this purpose the fallowing articles were studied: the Civil Code (as the main law on ownership), paragraph 6 of Article 96 of the Municipal Law (as the first law governing the ownership of urban waterways), Article 2 of the Water Law and its nationalization, as well as Article 2 of the Law on Fair Water Distribution (as Specific laws in the water sector). In this research, the legal criteria for determining the waterway bed have been criticized and the legal effects of these criteria on the ownership of lands adjacent to natural waterways have been explained. Also, in the current article, an attempt has been made to mention the evolutionary stages of the ownership of waterways' bed. Therefore, taking into account the various divisions for property, ownership of waterways with the term "natural" or "public use" should be included in the category of public property. Reviewing the legal status of this type of property in the relevant laws from the beginning of the legislation until now, it was found that the legislator does not have the same approach to the ownership of waterways. The evolution of the relevant laws indicates that the legislator had three different approaches on the ownership of this category of property. Therefore in accordance with the circumstances of the time, the adoption of the law can be classified and reviewed in three historical important periods: 1- private property of waterways, 2- government ownership, 3- Water governance that considers waterways' property as public wealth and commonalities, at the disposal of the Islamic government. Study of the historical course of legislation showed that the Iranian legal system formed its first approach which was the protection of private property; and then gradually moved toward the governmentalization of these properties; and finally included them in the category of public property and natural resources, which are in the possession of the government. During the period of privet property of waterways (1906-1968), the waterways' bed was occupied by adjacent land owners and exploited according to the existing conditions. The article 23 of the Civil Code (1924) related the exploitation of ownerless property (including public properties) to relevant laws which had not been well developed until that time. Moreover, the article 25 of the Civil Code has forbidden the occupation of public properties. Paragraph 6 of Article 96 of the Municipal Law indicated that the waterways' beds within the cities are considered as public property that is owned by the municipality. Besides, any civil operations within the beds of waterways in cites is subjected to the permission of the Ministry of Power. The second period started in 1968 with the Water Law and its nationalization which introduced water ways as public properties. The Coastal Land Law described the conditions of construction, inside the bed or nearby the water bodies, with technical details. The third period of water governance started in 1983 with the Law on Fair Water Distribution. The results of this study showed that according to the current legal system of the country, the bed of natural waterways is not privately owned, and in addition the government does not own them; but the bed of waterways are among the public property and national natural resources. Although the bed of natural waterways is under the control of the government, it should be noted that this control is only to manage the use of water and protect national resources and the environment. This possession does not mean that the government owns them. Therefore, for example, the government does not have the right to sell or transfer them. Hence, the actions of the Ministry of Energy are purely administrative. The special emphasis of this article is on how to apply legal rules and standards in recognizing the bed of natural waterways and its final limit, as well as its stabilization in nature in order to protect public rights and prevent damage to adjacent landowners or limitation of their ownership مالکیت مجاری طبیعی آبی یکی از مسایل مهم حقوق آب کشور است از این رو سیر تحول و تطور مالکیت بستر مجاری مذکور از ابتدای دوره قانون گذاری تا کنون، با استناد به قانون مدنی به عنوان قانون مادر و بند 6 ماده 96 قانون شهرداری ها به عنوان نخستین قانون ناظر بر مالکیت بستر جاری در شهرها و ماده 2 از قانون آب و نحوه ملی شدن آن و تبصره های مربوطه و همچنین ماده 2 از قانون توزیع عادلانه آب و تبصره های ذیل آن به عنوان قوانین مخصوصه بخش آب مورد بررسی واقع، معیارهای قانونی تعیین و تشخیص بستر، نقد و آثار حقوقی آن بر مالکیت اراضی مجاور مجاری طبیعی آبی تبیین گردید. نتیجه این که بستر مجاری طبیعی آبی از مشترکات عمومی بوده و در اختیار حکومت اسلامی است و ملک دولت تلقی نمی گردد و اقدامات وزارت نیرو صرفاً من باب تولیت بوده و اِعمال ضوابط و معیارهای قانونی در تشخیص بستر مجاری طبیعی آبی و حد نهایی آن و همچنین تثبیت آن در طبیعت به منظور حفظ حقوق عامه و جلوگیری از ورود خسارت به مالکین اراضی مجاور و همچنین جلوگیری از ایجاد تزلزل و یا تحدید در مالکیت آنان مورد تأکید قرار گرفت.

https://iwrj.sku.ac.ir/article_11176_0cbc5671ae26f67871cb914d81ef8fc1.pdf

دانشگاه شهرکرد پژوهش آب ایران 2008-1235 15 4 2021 12 22 Evaluating the performance of SEBAL and EEFLux algorithms in estimating daily evapotranspiration using Landsat 8 satellite data ارزیابی عملکرد الگوریتم‌های SEBAL و EEFLux در برآورد تبخیر و تعرق روزانه با استفاده از داده‌های ماهواره لندست 8 21 33 11164 10.22034/iwrj.2021.11164 FA ابوالفضل دلاوری کامیاب دانشجوی دکترای گروه مهندسی آب، دانشکدة کشاورزی.، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد اراک شهرو مختاری دانشیار گروه مهندسی آب، دانشکدة کشاورزی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد اراک رضا جعفری نیا دانشیار گروه مهندسی آب، دانشکدة کشاورزی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد اراک Journal Article 2020 07 14 Evapotranspiration (ET) is one of the key components of the Earth's hydrological cycle and its accurate estimation is very important in the water resources management and planning in agricultural usages. ET as a main factor in hydrological flux, links energy, carbon and water cycles, and has an important role in meteorology, hydrology and water resource management, especially in Agricultural Water Management (AWM). Precise and accurate estimation of ET is essential for the Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM). Knowledge about ET (water consumption over the agricultural areas) plays an important role in irrigation planning and agricultural management. Quantification of water consumption in agricultural areas can be carried out using climatic and environmental variables, e.g. reference evapotranspiration (ETo), crop coefficient (Kc) and crop evapotranspiration (ETc). Over the past few decades, satellite imagery based methods have come to the attention of researchers, which they have developed varieties of remote sensing methods to estimate evapotranspiration. In the present study, the Surface Energy Balance algorithm for Land (SEBAL) and Mapping Evapotranspiration with Internalized Calibration (METRIC)/Earth Engine Evapotranspiration Flux (EEFLux) algorithms were used to estimate ET for every pixel of the Landsat 8 at the Oghaf maize farm, Arak, Iran. Various observed data was used in this study. The meteorological data to calculate actual ET were obtained from Markazi Regional Water Authority (sunny hours and solar radiation at selected dates) and Arak synoptic station and the selected satellite data. Moreover, wind speed, dew point temperature and daily temperature at the corresponding dates of the Landsat 8 satellite overpass time were gathered from Iran Meteorological Organization. In order to obtain the Leaf Area Index (LAI) at the overpass time of the Landsat 8 satellite over the study area, field measurements were performed. For this purpose, based on the Landsat pixel size, plots of 30*30 m was designed for field sampling in the selected maize farmland, and a square of 1*1 m as a sub-plot was then designed in the center of each plot. The measurements were done at each date of field operation which was at the same date as the overpass time of the Landsat 8 satellite. ,. In order to compare the used models, some quantitative criteria were required to measure the model performance. In this study, daily ET from SEBAL and EEFlux were used to compare the relative performance of the algorithms for the eight Landsat images during the growth period. Based on commonly used statistical metrics, percent bias error (PBIAS), root mean squared error (RMSE), Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient of efficiency (NSE) and coefficient of determination (R2) criteria were used to evaluate the models. Taylor diagram was applied to provide a visual framework and graphically summarize that illustrates how closely a set of patterns matches the observed data. In this study, Taylor diagram was used for visual comparing Evapotranspiration derived from SEBAL and EEFLux algorithms, based on the ET obtained from Lysimeter (as reference data). The results of estimating daily Evapotranspiration from Surface Energy Balance algorithm for Land (SEBAL) and Earth Engine Evapotranspiration Flux (EEFLux) algorithms indicated that daily ET were low at the beginning of the growing season and then came up until middle of the growing season. Then, the ET values have been decreased due to decreasing temperature as well as changes in maize cover in the study area. Comparison of SEBAL and EEFLux algorithms showed that SEBAL algorithm has estimated about 7.71% of daily ET more that EEFLux algorithm at Arak maize farm. The results of performance evaluation showed that RMSE, NSE, PBIAS and R2 were obtained 0.711, 0.807, 7.398 and 0.885, respectively based on SEBAL algorithm, and for EEFLux algorithm were equal to 1.046, 0.582, 15.080 and 0.793, respectively. The Taylor diagrams showed that the SEBAL model had a lower RMSE and higher correlation than the EEFLux model. Comparing the standard deviation of both models, it was found that the SEBAL model was more in agreement and closer to measured daily ET values than the EEFLux model. This was also observed that SEBAL has a close standard deviation to the measured data, but EEFLux model has a lower standard deviation than the measured data. This indicates that the EEFLux model cannot predict the daily ET the same as SEBAL model. According to observed data (lysimeter data), evaluating the performance of SEBAL and EEFLux algorithms showed that SEBAL algorithm had higher correlation and less standard deviation than EEFLux algorithm. Therefore, SEBAL algorithm had better estimation than the EEFLux algorithm. تبخیر و تعرق به عنوان یکی از مولفه‌های کلیدی چرخه هیدرولوژیکی کره زمین می‌باشد و برآورد دقیق آن به عنوان یک عامل مهم در برنامه‌ریزی و مدیریت منابع آب در کشاورزی از اهمیت بسیار زیادی برخوردار می‌باشد. طی چند دهه گذشته، روش‌های مبتنی بر استفاده از تصاویر ماهواره‌ای مورد توجه پژوهشگران قرار گرفته است به طوریکه محققان انواع روش‌های سنجش از دور را برای برآورد تبخیر و تعرق توسعه داده‌اند. در پژوهش حاضر، امکان استفاده از دو مدل مبتنی بر سنجش از دور سبال (SEBAL) و متریک (EEFlux) و نیز مقایسه آنها در برآورد تبخیر و تعرق روزانه در مزرعه اوقاف اراک مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. با استفاده از مدل‌های SEBAL و EEFlux شارهای سطحی برای هر پیکسل تصویر ماهواره‌ لندست 8 (برای هست تصویر در دوره فصل رویشی در مزرعه اوقاف اراک) محاسبه و مقدار تبخیر و تعرق واقعی به صورت باقی مانده معادله توازن انرژی در سطح برآورد شد. دقت نتایج الگوریتم‌های SEBAL و EEFlux با استفاده از داده‌های لایسیمتر (برداشت شده در 8 تاریخ منطبق با تاریخ تصاویر ماهواره لندست 8) با استفاده از معیارهای PBAIS، NSE، RMSE و R2 انجام شد. نتایج برآورد تبخیر و تعرق روزانه حاصل از الگوریتم‌های SEBAL و EEFLux به این صورت بود که با شروع فصل زراعی مقادیر تبخیر و تعرق روزانه کم بود و سپس با گذر زمان و رسیدن به میانه‌های فصل زراعی مقدار تبخیر و تعرق به اوج خود رسید و سپس بعد از آن مقادیر تبخیر و تعرق به علت کاهش دما و همچنین تغییرات پوشش ذرت در منطقه مورد مطالعه سیر نزولی به خود گرفت. مقایسه الگوریتم‌های SEBAL و EEFLux حاکی از آن بود که الگوریتم SEBAL حدود 7.71 درصد تبخیر و تعرق واقعی روزانه در محدوده مزرعه اوقاف اراک را بیشتر برآورد کرده است. نتایج ارزیابی عملکرد بیانگر این بود که RMSE، NSE، PBIAS و R2 بر اساس الگوریتم SEBAL به ترتیب برابر با 0.711، 0.807، 7.398 و 0.885 و برای الگوریتم EEFLux به ترتیب برابر با 1.046، 0.582، 15.080 و 0.793 بود. از این‌رو ارزیابی عملکرد الگوریتم‌های SEBAL و EEFLux با توجه به داده‌های لایسیمتر نشان داد که الگوریتم SEBAL دارای همبستگی بالاتر و و انحراف معیار کمتر نسبت به الگوریتم EEFLux می‌باشد. براین اساس، الگوریتم‌ SEBAL نسبت به الگوریتم EEFLux نتایج بهتری را ارائه داده است و الگوریتم‌ SEBAL دقت بالای تصاویر در برآورد تبخیر و تعرق را نشان داد

https://iwrj.sku.ac.ir/article_11164_5a4e1f98b2c8560d0a4d8206f4fa2f09.pdf

دانشگاه شهرکرد پژوهش آب ایران 2008-1235 15 4 2021 12 22 Study of the effect of adverse slope and elementary negative step on hydraulic jump characteristics مطالعه آزمایشگاهی اثر شیب معکوس و پله منفی ابتدایی بر خصوصیات پرش هیدرولیکی 35 43 11163 10.22034/iwrj.2021.11163 FA کیخسرو صیادی دانشجوی دکتری مهندسی عمران، دانشکده مهندسی عمران، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد استهبان. منوچهر حیدرپور استاد گروه مهندسی آب، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان. زهرا قدم پور استادیار گروه مهندسی عمران، دانشکده مهندسی عمران، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد استهبان Journal Article 2021 04 24 Stilling basins are a short section of the floor of channels that are constructed as special structures at the end of the spillways and any other site that creates a supercritical flow to control the hydraulic jump. The shorter their lengths, they will be the more economically viable. One of the most important topics in the study of reducing the destructive energy of the flow is hydraulic jump. Hydraulic jump control is carried out in order to reduce the damage of the downstream structures. A hydraulic jump is one of the most rapidly varied ﬂows occurring when the ﬂow is altered from a supercritical state to a subcritical one in a part of its path. Researchers have always tried to control the hydraulic jump to prevent severe damage to downstream hydraulic structures. The high cost of building recreational pools has encouraged researchers to reduce sequent depth, jump length and reduce energy losses. There are several methods to reduce the sequent depth and length of the hydraulic jump, as well as increasing the energy loss of the hydraulic jump, such as increasing the adverse slope of the bed or using roughness in the channel floor. In addition to reduce the dimensions of the hydraulic jump for the cost-effective construction of the stilling basin, the stabilization of the hydraulic jump at the pool site is also very important. A sudden drop in the bed (negative step) stabilizes a horizontal hydraulic jump of channel adjacent to the step for a wide range of sequent depths. This paper introduced a new solution for the hydraulic jump on adverse slope and negative step to the difference between the upstream and the downstream momentum fluxes. The channel used in this research had a rectangular shape with a length of 8, a width of 0.4 and a height of 0.6 meters. The walls and floor of this channel were made of transparent Plexiglas sheet. This channel was fed by a pump with a maximum discharge of 50 liters per second. In order to increase the initial Froude number before the upstream sliding gate, the tank height is considered to be 1.25 m. To create the stairs at the beginning of the channel, Teflon sheets with thicknesses of 3 and 6 cm were used. Taking into account the zero height, three different heights were considered for the stairs. In this study, three angles of zero, 3 and 6 degrees were used for the adverse slopes. To change the slope of a false plate with a length of 3 meters was applied that its sloping part continued to a distance of 2 meters from the gate, the slope of which was adjustable. This plate was located at the bottom of the channel, just after the initial gate, where the jump occurs completely in this part of the channel. A sliding gate was installed at the inlet of the flume to create the jump. In addition, another valve was used at the end of the flume to stabilize the jump. In the performed experiments, the downstream gate was adjusted so that the start of the jump occurred at the point of change in the height of the channel. In the current study, the total number of the experiments was 81 that performed in the range of 4.5 to 9.5 Froude numbers. In this research, the combined effect of using three inverse slopes and three elementary negative step elevations on hydraulic jump characteristics (including: sequent depths, jump length and energy loss) were studied in Froude numbers of 4.5 to 9.5. The results showed that by increasing the adverse slope of channel reduced the sequent depths, jump length and energy loss by 12.6%, 13.9% and 16.8%, respectively. By increasing the negative step, the ratio of sequent depths and jump length increased by 5.66% and 6.2%, respectively; while, energy loss decreased by 2.6%. The combination of the adverse slope and negative step reduced the sequent depths, jump length and energy loss by 12.42%, 14.8% and 3%, respectively, and also created a shear of 12.56 times equal to the conditions of a smooth bed. Therefore, the negative step only stabilizes the jump in the stilling basin, and the adverse slope makes this jump stabilization difficult. حوضچه‌های آرامش قسمت کوتاهی از یک کانال کف سازی شده‌اند که به‌صورت سازه‌ای خاص در انتهای سرریزها و هر سازه دیگری که جریان فوق بحرانی ایجاد می‌کند، برای کنترل پرش هیدرولیکی ساخته می‌شوند و هر چه طول آن‌ها کوتاه تر باشداز نظر اقتصادی مناسب تر خواهند بود. هدف از این تحقیق بررسی خصوصیات پرش هیدرولیکی در کانال با شیب معکوس و پله منفی ابتدایی می‌باشد. در این پژوهش اثر همزمان سه شیب معکوس و سه ارتفاع پله منفی ابتدایی بر اعماق مزدوج، طول پرش و افت انرژی در اعداد فرود 4.5 تا 9.5 بررسی شده است. نتایج نشان می‌دهد که با افزایش شیب معکوس کانال، مقدار نسبت اعماق مزدوج، طول پرش و افت انرژی به ترتیب 12.6، 13.9 و 16.8 درصد کاهش می‌دهد. در حالی افزایش که پله منفی نسبت اعماق مزدوج و طول پرش را به ترتیب 5.66 و 6.2 درصد افزایش و افت انرژی را 2.6 درصد کاهش می‌دهد. ترکیب دو عامل شیب معکوس و پله منفی نسبت اعماق مزدوج، طول پرش و افت انرژی را به ترتیب 12.42، 14.8 و 3 درصد کاهش می‌دهد و نیز تنش برشی 12.56 برابر شرایط بستر صاف به‌دست آمد. بنابراین نقش پله منفی در تثبیت پرش در محل حوضچه آرامش می‌باشد و شیب معکوس این تثبیت پرش را سخت‌تر می‌کند.

https://iwrj.sku.ac.ir/article_11163_17834a259d3d4f21a1d6f100b015ec93.pdf

دانشگاه شهرکرد پژوهش آب ایران 2008-1235 15 4 2021 12 22 Estimation of reference evapotranspiration using remote sensing data in Hamedan-Bahar Plain برآورد تبخیر و تعرق مرجع با استفاده از داده‌های سنجش‌ازدور در دشت همدان بهار 45 58 11165 10.22034/iwrj.2021.11165 FA زینب نیاستی دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد سنجش‌ازدور، دانشکدة نقشه‌‌‌برداری، دانشگاه صنعتی خواجه‌‌نصیرالدین طوسی حمید عبادی استاد دانشکدة مهندسی نقشه‌برداری، عضو قطب علمی فناوری اطلاعات مکانی، دانشگاه صنعتی خواجه‌‌نصیرالدین طوسی عباس کیانی استادیار گروه مهندسی نقشه‌برداری،دانشکدة عمران، دانشگاه صنعتی نوشیروانی بابل Journal Article 2021 04 26 Reference evapotranspiration (ETo) is a major research area of both hydrology and water resources management. The most important and direct application of ETo is in the field of irrigation. One of the conventional methods for estimating reference evapotranspiration using meteorological data is the Penman-Monteith-FAO equation. This equation due to satisfactory results has been used in a variety of climates around the world. However, the lack of necessary meteorological data makes it difficult to estimate spatially distributed ETo using the FAO-PM method in the wider ungauged areas. Penman Monteith method requires the data of air temperature, wind speed, relative humidity, solar radiation and etc. To overcome the existing limits of the FAO-PM model, various attempts aiming to estimate ETo with limited observed data have been conducted. Remote sensing methods are already the only way to obtain the various variables at the temporal and spatial scales that needed to estimate evapotranspiration. In recent years, several algorithms have been proposed to estimate reference evapotranspiration using remote sensing data. Some of these models, which are based on the relationship of energy balance, are called surface energy balance methods. In addition to remote sensing, data analysis techniques based on machine learning (ML) are more frequently used in agricultural studies in recent years, especially in evapotranspiration. Therefore, analyses performed with ML algorithms, when coupled with remote sensing data, have the potential to predict the biophysical variables, mainly due to the adaptive capacity of the models to find patterns in nonlinear behavior variable, such as ETo. Machine learning methods are well known and have been widely used in other engineering sciences. The purpose of this study is to estimate the reference evapotranspiration using machine learning algorithms and remote sensing data, and finally to analyze the algorithms used. In general, the final results of evapotranspiration estimation depend on factors such as the type of data and the method for estimating evapotranspiration. In this study, the standard method of estimating ETo with meteorological data, Penman-Monteith FAO equation was used. The NDVI vegetation index indicates the amount of vegetation on the ground and is sensitive to the early stages of phenology. But the enhanced vegetation index (EVI) minimizes atmospheric effects and differences in blue and red reflections. The SAVI index is used to calculate the vegetation of the land surface that has moderated the effect of soil on it. Three machine learning algorithms were introduced to train the ET0 models, including random forest (RF), gradient boosting regressor (GBR) and support vector regression (SVR). Random forest is one of the machine learning methods that performs classification and regression using Bootstrap and Bagging methods. In this research, three machine learning algorithms with different input data (vegetation indices and all bands of Landsat 7 and 8) were used and after comparing the results, the best model was selected. Performance Evaluation Indicators considered to compare and evaluate the performance of the studied models were the parameters of mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), coefficient of determination (R2) and correlation coefficient (CC). Finally, according to the results of the two approaches used in this study, using the values of all Landsat bands, the reference evapotranspiration can be estimated with more accuracy. Accurate estimating of reference evapotranspiration is necessary to estimate irrigation needs and in general, to accurately manage water resources. Conventional methods of measuring evapotranspiration are reference using meteorological data. These measurements are point-based, so they are only suitable for very small scale areas. At present, remote sensing methods are the only non-terrestrial way to obtain the various variables at the temporal and spatial scales needed to estimate reference evapotranspiration. In order to reduce the dependence on climatic data and better resolution, machine learning methods are used to calculate the reference evapotranspiration. In this research, RF, GBR and SVR models were used. In the present study, two approaches were used. In the first approach, the values of all bands of Landsat images were as model input; while in the second approach, vegetation indices were calculated with only a few bands of Landsat images and then used as model inputs. By examining, it could be seen that the information obtained from the Landsat image bands is related to the phenological behavior of the products, and it is also possible to contract very relevant information related to agricultural products that are examined temporarily and spatially. One of the factors influencing the accuracy of estimating reference evapotranspiration is the use of other Landsat bands in addition to the bands related to vegetation indices. باتوجه‌ به افزایش تولید محصولات کشاورزی و همچنین وقوع خشکسالی مکرر در بسیاری از مناطق جهان، نیاز شدید به برآورد دقیق‌تری از میزان آب مصرفی گیاهان و درنتیجه برآورد دقیق تبخیر و تعرق مرجع احساس می‌شود. معادلة پنمن مانتیث فائو برای برآورد تبخیر و تعرق مرجع به‌عنوان روشی استاندارد در بسیاری از تحقیقات معرفی شده است. از معایب اصلی این روش به‌صورت نقطه‌ای و دردسترس‌بودن داده‌های هواشناسی در مکان‌های خاص می‌باشد. درحالی‌که با استفاده از داده‌های سنجش‌ازدور می‌توان این مشکل را برطرف نمود. در این پژوهش، هدف اصلی ترکیب داده‌های سنجش‌ازدور با مدل-های یادگیری ماشین برای برآورد تبخیر و تعرق مرجع است. با استفاده از مدل‌های یادگیری ماشین، چالش‌های انتخاب بهترین مدل ممکن، متغیرهای ورودی مدل و دردسترس‌بودن داده‌های موردنیاز ایجاد می‌شود؛ بنابراین در این پژوهش مدل-های مطرح RF، GBR و SVR انتخاب و از داده‌های تصاویر لندست و شاخص‌های پوشش گیاهی استفاده شد. منطقه موردمطالعه، دشت همدان بهار واقع در مناطق غربی کشور است. در این پژوهش برای برآورد تبخیر و تعرق مرجع، از دو رویکرد استفاده شد که در رویکرد اول، متغیرهای ورودی مدل‌ها با مقادیر همة باندهای تصاویر لندست، درحالی‌که در رویکرد دوم، شاخص‌های پوشش گیاهی به‌عنوان ورودی مدل معرفی و استفاده شد. مدل RF با شاخص‌های پوشش گیاهی، نتایج آماری برابر با (%14.1=RMSE و %76.4=R2) داشت، درحالی‌که با استفاده از همة باندهای لندست (%11.7=RMSE و %84.1=R2) و همچنین در مقایسه با الگوریتم‌های دیگر، با مقداری دقت بیشتر تبخیر و تعرق مرجع را برآورد کرد. نتایج، بیان‌کننده توانایی و پتانسیل شاخص‌های پوشش گیاهی به‌تنهایی و تصاویر لندست در تهیه اطلاعات لازم برای مدیریت آبیاری در کشاورزی و همچنین توانایی الگوریتم‌های یادگیری ماشین در برآورد پارامترهایی نظیر تبخیر و تعرق مرجع می-باشد.

https://iwrj.sku.ac.ir/article_11165_8337a7365ec44f3d65434a5ea4d73d17.pdf

دانشگاه شهرکرد پژوهش آب ایران 2008-1235 15 4 2021 12 22 Evaluation of the effect of different wastewater qualities on some biochemical and morphological traits of tomato plant under deficit irrigation بررسی تاثیر کیفیت‌های مختلف پساب بر برخی صفات بیوشیمیایی و مورفولوژی گیاه گوجه‌فرنگی در شرایط کم آبیاری 5 67 11172 10.22034/iwrj.2021.11172 FA محمدعلی بوش دانشجوی دکتری آبیاری و زهکشی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد حسین بانژاد دانشیار گروه علوم و مهندسی آب، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد 0000-0002-6883-164X مرتضی گلدانی دانشیار گروه اگروتکنولوژی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد معصومه متانت دانشجوی دکتری آبیاری و زهکشی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد Journal Article 2021 06 17 With the increase of population, migration to cities and expansion of urbanization, improvement of living standards, and expansion of industries have caused a large volume of sewage to be produced in limited areas that the cannot be refined in the environment. However, this high volume of wastewater can be considered a source of water, materials, and energy. Today, many countries make optimal use of water resources and advance their national development programs based on recycling. The use of wastewater in agriculture should be based on water, soil, and environment characteristics, and be established regarding the proportion between the quality of the wastewater and the type of wastewater application, according to economic issues. This subject requires access to executable standards, instructions, and criteria for each of the different sections to observe environmental standards. Wastewater as a stable water source for irrigation of agricultural products should be considered in water crisis management, in compliance with ecological considerations. A factorial experiment was conducted in a complete randomized design with 15 treatments and four replications in the research greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. For this experiment, sandy loam soil was used in 60 pots (6 kg containing). Treatments include urban water (W), treated wastewater (TWS), untreated wastewater (WS), combined urban water and treated wastewater ratio of 50:50 (W + TWS), and combined urban water and untreated wastewater (W + WS) (50:50) as irrigation water, and three levels of irrigation were 100, 70 and 40% of the plant's water requirement. First, treated wastewater samples, untreated wastewater, and urban water were taken to the laboratory for water quality analysis. The seedlings were transferred to the desired pots in the three or four-leaf stage. After 150 days, the plants were harvested from the pools, and traits such as leaf number, leaf area, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, and proline were measured. According to the analysis of variance tables, the simple effect of water quality treatment on the leaf number, leaf area, chlorophyll a and b at the level of one percent probability have a significant difference; but there was no significant difference in proline and carotenoid traits. In simple effect of deficit irrigation treatment, all measured characteristics have a considerable difference at the level of one percent probability. However, in the interaction effect of water quality and deficit irrigation, leaf number, leaf area, chlorophyll a and b, and carotenoids trait were significant at the level of one percent probability, and proline trait was not significantly different. Therefore, due to the interaction of water quality and deficit irrigation treatments, the most leaf number was related to the treatment of 100% of the plant's water requirement with untreated wastewater, and the least leaf number belongs to the treatment of 40% of the plant's water requirement with urban water. In the leaf area, the highest amount was related to 100% of the plant's water requirement with untreated wastewater. The least amount was related to 40% of the plant's water requirement with urban water. The most amount of chlorophyll a was associated with the treatment of 100% of the plant's water requirement with untreated wastewater. The least amount of chlorophyll is associated with 100% of the plant's water requirement with treated wastewater. In chlorophyll b, the most value was related to the interaction treatment of 100% of the plant's water requirement, and the combination of urban water and untreated wastewater in the ratio of 50:50 and the least number was related to the treatment of 100% of the plant's water requirement with treated wastewater. Also, in the carotenoid trait, most carotenoids were related to 100% of the plant's water requirement with untreated sewage. The least amount of carotenoid was linked to 40% of the plant's water requirement with untreated wastewater. According to the results, it can be concluded that the leaf number, leaf area, chlorophyll a, and chlorophyll b in the treatment of urban water with untreated wastewater was more than the control, and the quality of irrigation water on proline was not significantly different. Also, it is concluded that the plant's natural response to drought stress depends on the amount of water and can be short-term or long-term physiological responses. Thus, the lack of access of tomato plants to enough water reduces physiological traits such as leaf number, leaf area, and photochemical traits such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids. But deficit irrigation increases the amount of proline, and with the drought stress intensifies, the number of proline increases. Thus, in conditions of deficit irrigation, the plant reduces its osmotic potential to absorb more water by accumulating potential osmotic regulators such as proline and soluble carbohydrates in the leaf. به دلیل محدود بودن منابع آب، استفاده از آب‌های نامتعارف در بخش کشاورزی امری اجتناب ناپذیر است که یک توجه جدی را به استفاده صحیح از آب‌های نامتعارف مانند آب‌شور، فاضلاب شهری و صنعتی می‌طلبد. در این راستا، آزمایشی به‌صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح پایه کامل تصادفی با 15 تیمار و چهار تکرار در گلخانه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد طی شش ماه بر روی گیاه گوجه‌فرنگی انجام شد. هدف از انجام این پژوهش مقایسه تاثیر پنج نوع کیفیت آب آبیاری (آب شهری (W)، فاضلاب خام (WS)، فاضلاب تصفیه شده (TWS)، مخلوط 50% آب شهری و 50% فاضلاب خام (W+WS)، مخلوط 50% آب شهری و 50% فاضلاب تصفیه شده (W+TWS)) به عنوان عامل اصلی و سه سطح آبیاری (40%، 70% و 100% نیاز آبی گیاه) به عنوان عامل فرعی بر برخی صفات بیوشیمیایی و مورفولوژی گیاه بوده است. نتایج حاصل از این آزمایش نشان داد که اثر کم‌آبیاری بر برخی صفات مورفولوژیکی و بیوشیمیایی گیاه تفاوت معنی‌دار داشته است به طوری که افزایش آبیاری باعث افزایش تعداد برگ، سطح برگ، کلروفیل a، کلروفیل b، کاروتنوئید و پرولین گردیده است. همچنین نتایج نشان داد که اثر کیفیت آب آبیاری بر برخی صفات مورفولوژیکی و بیوشیمیایی دارای اختلاف معنی‌دار است اما بر میزان پرولین برگ تاثیری نداشته است.

https://iwrj.sku.ac.ir/article_11172_1330fef5fe4f742c1918c585c2da13b3.pdf

دانشگاه شهرکرد پژوهش آب ایران 2008-1235 15 4 2021 12 22 Simulating the growth of maize and soil moisture distribution using AquaCrop model and application of sugarcane compost شبیه سازی رشد ذرت و توزیع رطوبت خاک با استفاده از مدل AquaCrop و کاربرد کمپوست نیشکر 69 82 11170 10.22034/iwrj.2021.11170 FA حسین بهداروندی گروه آبیاری و زهکشی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد شوشتر، شوشتر، ایران صائب خوشنواز دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی حسین قربانی زاده خرازی گروه مهندسی عمران- مهندسی و مدیریت منابع آب، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد شوشتر، شوشتر، ایران سعید برومندنسب دانشکده مهندسی علوم آب، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران 0000-0002-4066-6240 Journal Article 2021 01 19 Optimizing the sustainable use of water resources across local or regional systems is a complicated management challenge with significant implications. The world population in 2050 will be more than 9.5 billion people that it needs about 60% more food. Furthermore, the water availability for irrigation will decrease because of competing demands from other sectors, i.e., industrial, domestic, and hydroelectric generation. Pre-growing season estimation of agricultural outcomes such as water losses, net benefit and yield production can provide insights to beneficiaries and farmers to make optimum decisions. According literature review, the potential of machine learning algorithms for maize growth simulator was evaluated to develop a decision support system; In that case, three million data such as genotype, environment and management scenarios were incorporated for predicting yields in framework. The results provided a dynamic decision technique for pre-season management. In other case study, maize water use was measured based on the water balance in a 6-year field trial in the west-central Great Plains of the United States. Another research presented an optimization model to allocate irrigation water for maize using crop water production functions under deficit irrigation. The problem structure was determined based on maize and sunflower water productivity data collected during 2008–2011 growing seasons in eastern Colorado. The results show that deficit irrigation does improve farm income at moderate to high leasing prices. Moreover, the proposed model can define the crop and water leasing prices for which deficit irrigation is worthwhile. Therefore, increasing the efficiency of land and water resources can be considered as the main policy to find the sustainable decision. It is necessary to develop methods to improve soil moisture capacity and increase plant biomass in arid and semi-arid areas. This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of sugarcane compost on maize yield under the climate conditions of Gotvand plain in Khuzestan province, southwestern Iran. This agricultural residue can be used for improving the soil porous media structure to increase water availability in the root zone. Economic analysis of the application of sugarcane bagasse has been done at different levels of plant water supply needs, using the development of the growth simulation model and optimization technique. In this study, simulation of maize yield and soil water content with AquaCrop software under full and deficit irrigation managements and sugarcane bagasse utilization was evaluated. This agricultural residue can be used for improving the soil porous media structure to increase water availability in the root zone. Economic analysis of the application of sugarcane bagasse at different levels of plant water supply needs has been done using the development of the growth simulation model and optimization technique. A field experiment with three treatments of sugarcane compost application (0, 15, and 30 ton/ha) and four levels of crop water supply (50%, 75,% 100%, and 125% of total water requirement) was performed in three replications for two growing seasons (March to December 2019). Irrigation planning, cultivation costs, biomass, harvest index and canopy cover were measured at different time steps of the growing seasons to provide growth simulation models using AquaCrop software. The error statistics of calibration process were evaluated by root mean square error (RMSE), Nash– Sutcliffe efficiency index (NSE), normalized objective function (NOF), and mean absolute error (MAE) for the simulated and observed yield production values. Calibration and verification process were carried out based on the two replications and one replication, respectively. The results presented in the scatter diagram and the coefficient of determination values close to one showed that the simulation model can be used to estimate the yield production in different scenarios of irrigation water distribution. The results showed that the use of sugarcane bagasse increases the soil water availability, harvest index and yield production at a confidence level of 1%. Optimal irrigation planning in this study was performed using the gray wolf optimization algorithm with the objective of maximizing crop yield. Optimal irrigation strategies reduce water losses, increase biomass and improve economic efficiency compared to existing conditions. Optimal planning based on daily information can determine the depth and timing of irrigation simultaneously. Increasing the water productivity and the net income for farmers and reducing the costs of bagasse application could be considered as positive implications of the developed simulation-optimization model. Future research could explore water management strategies on the farm by developing new goals for other crops or cultivation patterns. توسعه روش‌هایی برای بهبود ظرفیت رطوبت خاک و افزایش عملکرد بیولوژیکی گیاهان در مناطق خشک و نیمه‌خشک ضروری است. این مطالعه برای ارزیابی تأثیر کمپوست نیشکر بر عملکرد ذرت تحت شرایط آب و هوایی دشت گتوند در استان خوزستان، جنوب غربی ایران انجام شده است. بنابراین یک آزمایش میدانی با سه تیمار کاربرد کمپوست نیشکر (0 ، 15 و 30 تن در هکتار) و چهار سطح تأمین آب محصول (%50، %75، %100 و %125 کل آب موردنیاز) در سه تکرار انجام شد. این آزمایش‌ها برای دو فصل رشد (فصل رشد اول از فروردین تا تیرماه 1398 و فصل دوم رشد از مرداد تا آذرماه 1398) طراحی و اجرا شد. برنامه‌ریزی آبیاری، عملکرد بیولوژیکی، شاخص برداشت و پوشش تاج در دو فصل رشد اندازه‌گیری و برای شبیه-سازی رشد ذرت در سناریوهای مختلف کاربرد آب و کمپوست نیشکر با استفاده از نرم‫افزار AquaCrop بکار گرفته شد. نتایج نشان داد که سطح پوشش سایه انداز و طول دوره بلوغ تا آغاز پیری سطح سایه انداز در کشت بهاره بیش از کشت تابستانه بود. علاوه بر این آزمون حداقل خطا نشان داد که استفاده از کمپوست نیشکر عملکرد محصول را در سطح اطمینان یک درصد افزایش داد. عملکرد بیولوژیک ذرت در منطقه مورد مطالعه بین 13678 کیلوگرم در هکتار در تیمار کم‌آبیاری 50 درصد با کاربرد 30 تن در هکتار کمپوست تا 17344 کیلوگرم در هکتار در شرایط آبیاری کامل بدون کاربرد کمپوست در کشت تابستانه متغیر است. آنالیز اقتصادی کاربرد کمپوست افزایش حداقل 20 درصد درآمد خالص را نشان داد.‬‬‬

https://iwrj.sku.ac.ir/article_11170_bba64e6137c253f4ae556a97869e31b1.pdf

دانشگاه شهرکرد پژوهش آب ایران 2008-1235 15 4 2021 12 22 Design of water level-surface models for Urmia Lake based on ground and space observations طراحی مدلهای تراز–سطح برای دریاچه ارومیه با استفاده از مشاهدات زمینی و فضایی 83 96 11173 10.22034/iwrj.2021.11173 FA وحید صادقی استادیار گروه مهندسی نقشه برداری- دانشکده مهندسی عمران- دانشگاه تبریز حسین اعتمادفرد استادیار گرایش GIS گروه مهندسی عمران، دانشکده مهندسی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد یونس نعیمی عضو هیات علمی گروه مهندسی نقشه برداری، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد بناب Journal Article 2021 08 20 Urmia Lake is the second-largest permanent hypersaline lake in the world. It is situated in the northwestern corner of Iran surrounded by East and West Azerbaijan provinces, near the Turkish border. This lake was declared a Wetland of International Importance by the Ramsar Convention in 1971 and designated a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve in 1976. Its surface, unfortunately, has declined sharply in recent decades. Scientists have warned that this continuous shrinking would lead to increased salinity, the collapse of the lake’s ecosystem, loss of wetland habitat, wind-blown salt storms, alteration of local climate, and serious negative impacts on local agriculture and livelihoods, as well as regional health in Iran and neighbor countries including Turkey, Iraq, and Azerbaijan.Accurate and comprehensive spatial information (such as the lake’s surface and shorelines) and descriptive information (such as salinity of water and soil) of the lake are essential to deal with current and emerging crises. This information can be obtained by ground-based and space-based measurements. While daily measurement of the lake level at ground stations is one of the most important ground-based observations, ground measurements of the lake's surface are not a practical method. Bysatellite remote sensing data, space observations have been provided for accurate and continuous monitoring of the Lake's surface and its water level. Since each of the ground and space observations has its advantegaes and disadvanteges, many efforts have been made to estimate the correlation of these observations (ground-based observations of lake’s level and space-based observations of lake’s surface). Although many studies have been conducted in this field, no efficient model has been proposed to relate the surface area and the water level of Urmia Lake, which is an important factor in various hydrological and environmental analyzes. This paper aims to extract the level-surface characteristics of Urmia Lake using space observations and ground-based measurements of level and analytical models. Level-surface models have been determined based on ground observation of water level and simultaneous space observation of lake surface area. As a result, daily estimates of the lake surface will be provided without the space-based observations. In the present study, 6 proposed models (including Polynomials, Exponential function, Fourier transformation, Gaussian function, rational function (RF), and artificial neural network (ANN)) were applied along with the two existing models (including the EAWO (Eastern Azerbaijan Water Organization) model and the Sahand University model). To evaluate the effectiveness of mentioned methods, 44 samples include the lake’s surface (from Mar. 2005 to Dec. 2015) and corresponding water levels on the same date were used. All of these models were calibrated by training data and evaluated based on validation data. Used data records include water level fluctuation from 1270.43 m to 1273.9 m above mean sea level, and the lake area (surface) fluctuation from 1837 sq. km to 4508 sq. km. Comparing the RMSE, MAE, MAPE, and NSE of all mentioned models, it was found that the proposed RF-based model estimates the area of Urmia Lake only with an error of RMSE = 57.8 sq. km, MAE= 46.2, MAPE=1.5%, and NSE=0.9958, which is five times better than the best previous models in terms of RMSE measure. One level below is ANN whose RMSE equals 62.3 sq. km and NSE= 0.9951. Two-degree Gaussian function (with RMSE= 86.53 sq. km and NSE= 0.9907), Fourier transformation (with RMSE= 145.30 sq. km and NSE= 0.9251), two-degree Exponential function (with RMSE= 173.46 sq. km and NSE= 0.9626) and three-degree polynomial (with RMSE= 173.68 sq. km and NSE= 0.9625) were in the lower levels, respectively. It is worth noting that all of these proposed models are more effective than the state-of-the-art models. The worst results were obtained by the Sahand University model with an error of RMSE = 856.8 sq. km and NSE= 0.088). Despite the similar accuracy of ANN and RF models, the design and computational complexity of the ANN model are much greater than the RF model. Therefore, the RF model with higher accuracy and less complexity than the ANN is introduced and recommended as the best model for estimating the level-surface characteristic of Urmia Lake. According to the proposed level-surface model and daily ground-based measurement of the water level of the lake, it is possible to estimate the daily area of the Urmia Lake surface without any space measurements. The findings of this study can be used in various hydrological and environmental analyzes and monitoring and rehabilitation programs of Urmia Lake. امروزه به لطف داده‌های سنجش از دور ماهواره‌ای، مشاهدات فضایی برای نظارت و پایش دقیق و مداوم سطح و تراز دریاچه ارومیه فراهم شده است. با این وجود، هنوز مدل مناسبی جهت تعیین ارتباط بین مساحت و تراز دریاچه ارومیه که یک فاکتور مهم در تجزیه و تحلیل‌های مختلف هیدرولوژیکی و زیست محیطی است، پیشنهاد نشده است. هدف مقاله حاضر، استخراج خصوصیات تراز-سطح دریاچه ارومیه با استفاده از داده‌های سنجش از دور (فضایی)، مشاهدات زمینی و مدل‌های تحلیلی است. معادلات تراز-سطح دریاچه با استفاده از داده‌های تراز ایستگاه زمینی و داده‌های سطح مستخرج از تصاویر ماهواره‌ای همزمان آنها تعیین شده است. در تحقیق حاضر 6 مدل پیشنهادی شامل توابع پایه چندجمله‌ای، نمایی، فوریه، گوسین، کسری (گویا) و شبکه عصبی به همراه مدلهای موجود، شامل؛ آب منطقه‌ای آذربایجان‌ غربی و مدل دانشگاه سهند با استفاده از داده‌های تعلیمی آموزش دیده و با استفاده از داده‌های اعتبارسنجی مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفته است. با مقایسه معیارهای ارزیابی RMSE، MAE، MAPE و NSE، مشخص گردید که تابع کسری به عنوان بهترین مدل پیشنهادی تراز-سطح دریاچه ارومیه، قادر است تنها با خطای RMSE=57.8 کیلومترمربع و با NSE=0.9958، مساحت دریاچه ارومیه را برآورد نماید. با لحاظ معیار RMSE، مشخص می‌شود که مدل تابع کسری پیشنهادی خطای تخمین سطح دریاچه را نسبت به بهترین مدل پیشین حدود 5 برابر کاهش داده است. با توجه به اندازه‌گیری روزانه تراز دریاچه در ایستگاه زمینی، مدل پیشنهادی تراز-سطح، می‌تواند مساحت روزانه دریاچه را بدون نیاز به مشاهدات فضایی (تصاویر ماهواره‌ای) برآورد ‌نماید.

https://iwrj.sku.ac.ir/article_11173_ba542f3617078b0be2f95e64e425e190.pdf

دانشگاه شهرکرد پژوهش آب ایران 2008-1235 15 4 2021 12 22 The effects of saline water application on yield and water productivity of red bean in vegetative and reproductive growth stages تأثیر کاربرد آب شور در مراحل رشد رویشی و زایشی بر عملکرد و بهره‌وری آب در گیاه لوبیا قرمز 97 105 11181 10.22034/iwrj.2021.11181 FA زهره شاهرخیان دانشجوی دکتری/ دانشگاه شهرکرد محمدرضا نوری امامزاده ئی دانشگاه شهرکرد دانشکده کشاورزی عضو هیات علمی گروه مهندسی آب 0000-0003-2625-6576 عبدالرزاق دانش شهرکی دانشگاه شهرکرد/ دانشکده کشاورزی سید حسن طباطبایی دانشگاه شهرکرد- گروه مهندسی آب 0000-0001-5483-6186 علی شاه نظری دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی ساری Journal Article 2021 05 04 Water is the source of life and one of the important resources for the sustainable development of countries. Population growth and consequently the need for more agricultural commodities and food products, in addition to the limitation of water resources, have led human beings to optimize use of available water resources and the use of low-quality water. To make more efficient use of limited water resources in the agricultural sector, new strategies such as the use of unconventional and saline water in irrigation operations should be considered. Knowing how plants respond to different degrees of salinity of irrigation water, which is used in different stages of vegetative and reproductive growth, is necessary for proper and optimal management of the use of unconventional water resources in agriculture. Beans are one of the most important crops in terms of high protein content and use in the diet. This plant is one of the annual legumes and is sensitive to water salinity, which is cultivated for seed production. Bean is one of the plants sensitive to salinity and tolerates salinity up to 2 dS/m, but its yield reduction starts from 0.8 dS/m, according to previous studies. In the current study, experiments were carried out to determine the effects of saline water irrigation on vegetative and reproductive growth stage of Derakhshan red bean cultivar, which is suitable for Shahrekord climatic conditions. The experiments of this pot study were performed in factorial form in a completely randomized design, with three replications in the field. The pots had the diameter of 40 cm and the height of 70 cm. The research farm was located in Shahrekord University with UTM coordinates of X = 482573 m and Y = 3579364 m and altitude of 2070 m above sea level. The first factor in the experiments was the use of saline water at the mentioned three levels in the vegetative growth stage, and the second factor was the use of the same salinity level for irrigation in reproductive growth stage. The collected data included yield, yield components and water productivity. Analysis of variance showed that salinity stress in the vegetative and reproductive growth stage of bean plant significantly reduces yield, yield components, water uptake, water productivity and biological productivity index (α <0.01). Harvest index was not affected by salinity stress at vegetative growth stage; while, the effect of salinity stress at reproductive growth stage on harvest index was significant (α <0.01). The highest value of water productivity was achieved in the control treatment with a rate of 0.67 kg/m3; the lowest value of 0.39 kg/m3 was observed in the treatment of applying 2 dS/m saline water in two stages of vegetative and reproductive growth. Regardless of salinity level, the mean effects of salinity in vegetative growth stage led to the productivity of 0.64 kg/m3, and in reproductive growth stage led to the productivity of 0.59 kg/m3. The results also showed that the highest yield (3349 kg/ha) was related to the control treatment and the lowest yield with rate of 1779 kg/ha was related to the treatment of applying 2 dS/m saline water in two stages of vegetative and reproductive growth. Regardless of the salinity level, the mean effects of salinity led to the production of 3067 and 2892 kg / ha grain yield in the vegetative and reproductive growth stage, respectively. The highest amount of water uptake was observed in the control treatment with the rate of 10 mm/day. The lowest amount of water uptake was 9 mm/day, which was without significant difference related to the treatment with the salinity of 2 dS/m in the whole growth period, the treatment of 2 dS/m in the vegetative growth period, and 1.5 dS/m during reproductive growth. The results of this experiment, like the results of Ben Usher et al., 2006, showed that increasing salinity during the vegetative growth period of the plant reduces the storage content of plant organs, which affects the yield and its components at the end of the period. Furthermore, the application of salinity stress during reproductive growth period has a direct negative effect on yield and its indicators. These effects will be exacerbated when salinity stress is applied simultaneously during the vegetative and reproductive growth stages. The effects of salinity stress on grain yield and water productivity were more significant in the reproductive growth stage. The result is that in conditions of limited water quality, in order to achieve higher yield and optimal use of water, water with suitable quality should be used in the reproductive growth stage; while, saline water could be used in the vegetative growth stage. افزایش جمعیت، نیاز به تولیدات کشاورزی و غذای بیشتر و محدودیت منابع آب، بشر را به سمت استفاده از آب‌های با کیفیت کم سوق داده است. به‌منظور بررسی تأثیر سطوح مختلف شوری بر عملکرد و بهره‌وری آب گیاه لوبیا، پژوهشی گلدانی در فضای آزاد، به‌صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با سه تکرار اجرا شد. فاکتور اول اِعمال شوری در مرحلۀ رشد رویشی در سه سطح 0.34 (شاهد)، 1.5 و 2 دسی‌زیمنس بر متر و فاکتور دوم اِعمال شوری سه سطح فوق در مرحلۀ رشد زایشی انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد تنش شوری در مرحلۀ اول و دوم به‌طور معنی‌داری باعث کاهش عملکرد، اجزای عملکرد، میزان جذب آب و شاخص بهره‌وری آب و بیولوژیک در گیاه لوبیا شد. بیشترین مقدار شاخص بهره‌وری آب در تیمار شاهد و کمترین مقدار در تیمار با شوری 2 دسی‌زیمنس بر متر در دو مرحلۀ رشد به‌ترتیب با میزان 0.67 و 0.39 کیلوگرم بر متر مکعب مشاهده شد. صرف نظر از سطح شوری، میانگین اثرات شوری در مرحلۀ رشد رویشی و زایشی منجر به تولید 3067 و 2892 کیلوگرم در هکتار عملکرد دانه شد. نتیجه اینکه اثرات ناشی از تنش شوری بر عملکرد دانه و شاخص بهره‌وری آب در مرحلۀ رشد زایشی محسوس‌تر است.

https://iwrj.sku.ac.ir/article_11181_e46be61f0050f9cc3a98d5d2192cb0eb.pdf

دانشگاه شهرکرد پژوهش آب ایران 2008-1235 15 4 2021 12 22 Estimating the return periods of the flood volume and peak flow based on bivariate rainfall analysis in Barz Palin برآورد دوره بازگشت دبی اوج و حجم سیلاب مبتنی بر آنالیز دومتغیره بارندگی در حوضه آبریز بارز 107 120 11187 10.22034/iwrj.2021.11187 FA بابک صباغی گروه مهندسی عمران، واحد بین المللی کیش، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، جزیره کیش، ایران محمود شفاعی بجستان دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران. بابک امین نژاد گروه مهندسی عمران، واحد رودهن، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، رودهن، ایران. Journal Article 2021 06 02 Uncertainty analysis in systems evaluation and management has been considered as a logical aspect in engineering estimates in recent decades. Uncertainty generally implies that there is no complete knowledge of the behavior of a system and the specific values of its variables. Currently, the uncertainty problem has been one of the topics of interest in research, decision-making and design in the field of water science and engineering. Furthermore, field observational evaluations have shown that hydrological phenomena are inherently random and can follow probabilistic functions. In the past, univariate probability models have been used to predict hydrological events. But today, it has been shown that hydrological phenomena such as precipitation, runoff, flood, and drought are random and multivariate and should be expressed by the characteristics of intensity, duration and amount. The efficiency of copula functions has been proven as an effective technique in multivariate analysis of hydrological events. This study was aimed to develop the probabilistic-fuzzy framework according to the existing gap in the previous studies. Therefore, long-term rainfall and runoff information were analyzed for generating the decision-making system in Barz Plain, Khuzestan province, Iran. Four parameters of maximum rainfall rate and depth, peak flow and volume of runoff have been analyzed to generate the time series of information. The developed conceptual structure could be addressed in four steps. In the first step, an attempt was made to analyze the relationship between the flood hydrographs in the period from 1973 to 2018 in Barz Plain. Barz plain is located in the eastern north of Khuzestan province, Iran within 31° 18' to 31° 28' latitude and 50° 18' to 51° 26' longitude. Next, a probabilistic model was developed by the MATLAB program. In this model, marginal distribution functions, bivariate frequency analysis and calculation of return periods for rainfall characteristics were evaluated. Moreover, a fuzzy set analysis sub-program was prepared to transfer the effects of rainfall to the runoff. This process was developed within the framework of a multi-objective optimization program that was solved using the NSGAII method. The hydrological information used in this study includes the amount of rainfall and runoff recorded in daily time steps. Analysis of available data revealed about 37 rainfall events that led to the flood. Rainfall characteristics (maximum daily rate (mm/day) and cumulative rainfall depth in one event (mm)) and two characteristics of runoff hydrograph (hydrograph peak flow (m3/s) and runoff volume (million cubic meters (MCM)) were calculated from daily rainfall and runoff information. Therefore, a probabilistic decision model based on copula multivariate functions was developed to predict the variables at different return periods. The relationship between rainfall rate and depth with peak hydrograph flow and runoff volume for flood events over a 37-year period was formulated through fuzzy set theory. The feasible domain of the fuzzy problem was searched using a multi-objective optimization genetic algorithm based on the non-dominated sorting to find the extreme points. The obtained solutions were used as a fuzzy response to calculate the runoff of the Barz plain in Khuzestan province in southwestern Iran. The relationship between rainfall and runoff characteristics showed that the maximum rainfall rate and the peak runoff discharge can be inspired by fuzzy theory and create a logical relationship. The results obtained by Chi-Squared, Anderson Darling and Kolmogorov Smirnov tests for the marginal frequency functions indicated that the Generalized Gamma, Log Normal, Generalized Extreme Values, and Log Pearson functions were the best options for estimating the maximum rate and depth of rainfall and peak flow and volume of runoff, respectively. Correlation coefficient was calculated to evaluate the bivariate model performance for the variables. The results of the maximum likelihood estimator to determine the superior joint function showed that Archimedean Clayton copula fited better than others for rainfall characteristics. Based on the developed concepts, the predicted runoff for Barz plain was estimated between 650 to 850 MCM for a 100-year return period. This return period is recommended for reservoir dam design. Consequently, in the 25-year return period, which is an appropriate time scale for flood diversion systems of water storage reservoirs, flood volume of 140 to 173 MCM with a maximum flow of 850 m3/s has been obtained. This flood can be caused by a rainfall of 78 mm/day or a depth of 137 mm. پیش بینی بروز سیلاب یا رواناب بر پایه ریسک فرایندی است که به محققان اجازه می‌دهد عدم قطعیت‌های عامل بر فرایند تصمیم‌گیری را در نظر گرفته و سطح اعتمادپذیری رویدادهای هیدرولوژیکی را تعیین کنند. این تحقیق به منظور کاربرد عدم قطعیت‌های هیدرولوژیکی در برآورد احتمالاتی سیلاب های دشت بارز در استان خوزستان واقع در جنوب غربی ایران انجام شد. تأثیر منابع عدم قطعیت بر مشخصه‌های بارندگی و رواناب با استفاده از توسعه یک مدل احتمالاتی چندمتغیره بر پایه توابع توزیع کاپولا تعیین شد. برای دستیابی به این هدف، سری‌های زمانی اطلاعات شامل حداکثر دبی لحظه‌ای و حداکثر حجم سیلاب برای یک دوره 37 ساله گردآوری شد. در این راستا از توابع توزیع احتمالاتی تک متغیره برای متغیرهای بارندگی و رواناب و از توابع کاپولا برای برازش چندمتغیره اطلاعات هیدرولوژیکی استفاده گردید. در بخش بهینه‌سازی واکنش فازی دو تابع هدف متضاد شامل کمینه‌سازی و بیشینه‌سازی تابع پیش بینی رواناب در ساختار یک مدل شبیه‌سازی – بهینه‌سازی الگوریتم ژنتیک چندهدفه مبتنی بر رتبه‌بندی نامغلوب تعریف و برای رسیدن به بهترین مقادیر متغیرهای تصمیم اجرا شد. توابع توزیع گاما، لوگ نرمال، مقادیر حدی تعمیم یافته، لوگ پیرسون و تابع ارشمیدسی کلایتون گزینه های منتخب به ترتیب برای شدت بارندگی، عمق بارش، پیک جریان، حجم رواناب و محاسبه دوره بازگشت دومتغیره هستند. همچنین نتایج نشان داد که همبستگی بین مشخصه‌های بارندگی 0.73 و بین شدت بارندگی و رواناب 0.86 بر اساس شاخص پیرسون است.‬‬‬‬

https://iwrj.sku.ac.ir/article_11187_421b9ff13e012545c871fff7824cd12a.pdf